文件和路径名称获取

1. getcwd 获取当前工作目录：

  UNIX C函数。

相关函数：get_current_dir_name, getwd, chdir

头文件：#include <unistd.h>

定义函数：char * getcwd(char * buf, size_t size);

函数说明：getcwd()会将当前的工作目录绝对路径复制到参数buf 所指的内存空间，参数size 为buf 的空间大小。

注：
1、在调用此函数时，buf 所指的内存空间要足够大。若工作目录绝对路径的字符串长度超过参数size 大小，则返回NULL，errno 的值则为ERANGE。
2、倘若参数buf 为NULL，getcwd()会依参数size 的大小自动配置内存(使用malloc())，如果参数size 也为0，则getcwd()会依工作目录绝对路径的字符串程度来决定所配置的内存大小，进程可以在使用完次字符串后利用free()来释放此空间。

返回值：执行成功则将结果复制到参数buf 所指的内存空间, 或是返回自动配置的字符串指针. 失败返回NULL,错误代码存于errno.

范例
#include <unistd.h>
main()
{
    char buf[80];
    getcwd(buf, sizeof(buf));
    printf("current working directory : %s\n", buf);
}

执行：
current working directory :/tmp

2.stat()

功 能: 得到文件的信息，将其保存在buf结构中，buf的地址以参数形式传递给stat。

参数:

const char *path: 文件名或者目录名

struct _stat *buffer:结构体对象地址

返回值: 返回-1表示失败。

 

stat结构体定义：

stat 结构定义于：/usr/include/sys/stat.h 文件中

struct stat finfo;

stat( sFileName, &finfo );

int size = finfo. st_size;

struct stat

{

mode_t st_mode; //文件对应的模式，文件，目录等

ino_t st_ino; //i-node节点号

dev_t st_dev; //设备号码

dev_t st_rdev; //特殊设备号码

nlink_t st_nlink; //文件的连接数

uid_t st_uid; //文件所有者

gid_t st_gid; //文件所有者对应的组

off_t st_size; //普通文件，对应的文件字节数

time_t st_atime; //文件最后被访问的时间

time_t st_mtime; //文件内容最后被修改的时间

time_t st_ctime; //文件状态（属性）改变时间

blksize_t st_blksize; //文件内容对应的块大小

blkcnt_t st_blocks; //文件内容对应的块数量

};

 

3.判断文件类型的宏：

在sys/stat.h中还定义了更多相关的函数

The following macros shall be provided to test whether a file is of the specified type. The value m supplied to the macros is the value of st_mode from a stat structure. The macro shall evaluate to a non-zero value if the test is true; 0 if the test is false.

S_ISBLK(m)：Test for a block special file.
S_ISCHR(m)：Test for a character special file.
S_ISDIR(m)：Test for a directory.
S_ISFIFO(m)：Test for a pipe or FIFO special file.
S_ISREG(m)：Test for a regular file.
S_ISLNK(m)：Test for a symbolic link.
S_ISSOCK(m)：Test for a socket.

4.文件类型：

File type:

S_IFMT：Type of file.
S_IFBLK：Block special.
S_IFCHR：Character special.
S_IFIFO：FIFO special.
S_IFREG：Regular.
S_IFDIR：Directory.
S_IFLNK：Symbolic link.
S_IFSOCK：Socket. 
File mode bits:

S_IRWXU：Read, write, execute/search by owner.
S_IRUSR：Read permission, owner.
S_IWUSR：Write permission, owner.
S_IXUSR：Execute/search permission, owner.
S_IRWXG：Read, write, execute/search by group.
S_IRGRP：Read permission, group.
S_IWGRP：Write permission, group.
S_IXGRP：Execute/search permission, group.
S_IRWXO：Read, write, execute/search by others.
S_IROTH：Read permission, others.
S_IWOTH：Write permission, others.
S_IXOTH：Execute/search permission, others.
S_ISUID：Set-user-ID on execution.
S_ISGID：Set-group-ID on execution.
S_ISVTX：[XSI]  On directories, restricted deletion flag. 

The bits defined by S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, S_IXUSR, S_IRGRP, S_IWGRP, S_IXGRP, S_IROTH, S_IWOTH, S_IXOTH, S_ISUID, S_ISGID, [XSI]   and S_ISVTX   shall be unique.

S_IRWXU is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRUSR, S_IWUSR, and S_IXUSR.

S_IRWXG is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IRGRP, S_IWGRP, and S_IXGRP.

S_IRWXO is the bitwise-inclusive OR of S_IROTH, S_IWOTH, and S_IXOTH.