【Codeforces 9C Hexadecimal's Numbers】数位dp/二进制搜索

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题意 ：统计1~n之间有多少数字只由0，1构成
做法 数位dp版本：就是统计一下小于n的由 0 1 构成数由多少个 都没有状态联系

/*
    if you can't see the repay
    Why not just work step by step
    rubbish is relaxed
    to ljq
*/
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <cmath>
#include <map>
#include <stack>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

#define dbg(x) cout<<#x<<" = "<< (x)<< endl
#define dbg2(x1,x2) cout<<#x1<<" = "<<x1<<" "<<#x2<<" = "<<x2<<endl
#define dbg3(x1,x2,x3) cout<<#x1<<" = "<<x1<<" "<<#x2<<" = "<<x2<<" "<<#x3<<" = "<<x3<<endl
#define max3(a,b,c) max(a,max(b,c))
#define min3(a,b,c) min(a,min(b,c))

typedef pair<int,int> pll;
typedef long long ll;
const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const int _inf = 0xc0c0c0c0;
const ll INF = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f;
const ll _INF = 0xc0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0;
const ll mod =  (int)1e9+7;

ll gcd(ll a,ll b){return b?gcd(b,a%b):a;}
ll ksm(ll a,ll b,ll mod){int ans=1;while(b){if(b&1) ans=(ans*a)%mod;a=(a*a)%mod;b>>=1;}return ans;}
ll inv2(ll a,ll mod){return ksm(a,mod-2,mod);}
void exgcd(ll a,ll b,ll &x,ll &y,ll &d){if(!b) {d = a;x = 1;y=0;}else{exgcd(b,a%b,y,x,d);y-=x*(a/b);}}//printf("%lld*a + %lld*b = %lld\n", x, y, d);

/*namespace sgt
{
    #define mid ((l+r)>>1)

    #undef mid
}*/

typedef long long ll;
int a[20];
ll dp[20];//不同题目状态不同
ll dfs(int pos,bool lead/*前导零*/,bool limit/*数位上界变量*/)//不是每个题都要判断前导零
{
    //递归边界，既然是按位枚举，最低位是0，那么pos==-1说明这个数我枚举完了
    if(pos==-1)
        return 1;/*这里一般返回1，表示你枚举的这个数是合法的，那么这里就需要你在枚举时必须每一位都要满足题目条件，也就是说当前枚举到pos位，一定要保证前面已经枚举的数位是合法的。不过具体题目不同或者写法不同的话不一定要返回1 */
    //第二个就是记忆化(在此前可能不同题目还能有一些剪枝)
    if(!limit && !lead && dp[pos]!=-1)
        return dp[pos];
    /*常规写法都是在没有限制的条件记忆化，这里与下面记录状态是对应，具体为什么是有条件的记忆化后面会讲*/
    int up=limit?a[pos]:9;//根据limit判断枚举的上界up;这个的例子前面用213讲过了
    ll ans=0;
    //开始计数
    for(int i=0; i<=up; i++) //枚举，然后把不同情况的个数加到ans就可以了
    {
        if(i==1)
        {
            ans+= dfs(pos-1,false,limit&&i==a[pos]);
        }
        else if(i==0)
        {
            ans += dfs(pos-1,lead,limit&&i==a[pos]);
        }
        else
        {
            continue;
        }
    }
    //计算完，记录状态
    if(!limit && !lead)
        dp[pos]=ans;
    /*这里对应上面的记忆化，在一定条件下时记录，保证一致性，当然如果约束条件不需要考虑lead，这里就是lead就完全不用考虑了*/
    return ans;
}
ll solve(ll x)
{
    int pos=0;
    while(x)//把数位都分解出来
    {
        a[pos++]=x%10;//个人老是喜欢编号为[0,pos),看不惯的就按自己习惯来，反正注意数位边界就行
        x/=10;
    }
    return dfs(pos-1/*从最高位开始枚举*/,true,true);//刚开始最高位都是有限制并且有前导零的，显然比最高位还要高的一位视为0嘛
}

int main()
{
    //ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    //freopen("a.txt","r",stdin);
    //freopen("b.txt","w",stdout);
    ll n;
    scanf("%lld",&n);
    memset(dp,-1,sizeof(dp));
    printf("%lld\n",solve(n)-1);
    //fclose(stdin);
    //fclose(stdout);
    //cout << "time: " << (long long)clock() * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << " ms" << endl;
    return 0;
}

做法2：既然是 0 和 1 那么当然可以进行搜索

/*
    if you can't see the repay
    Why not just work step by step
    rubbish is relaxed
    to ljq
*/
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <cmath>
#include <map>
#include <stack>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

#define dbg(x) cout<<#x<<" = "<< (x)<< endl
#define dbg2(x1,x2) cout<<#x1<<" = "<<x1<<" "<<#x2<<" = "<<x2<<endl
#define dbg3(x1,x2,x3) cout<<#x1<<" = "<<x1<<" "<<#x2<<" = "<<x2<<" "<<#x3<<" = "<<x3<<endl
#define max3(a,b,c) max(a,max(b,c))
#define min3(a,b,c) min(a,min(b,c))

typedef pair<int,int> pll;
typedef long long ll;
const int inf = 0x3f3f3f3f;
const int _inf = 0xc0c0c0c0;
const ll INF = 0x3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f;
const ll _INF = 0xc0c0c0c0c0c0c0c0;
const ll mod =  (int)1e9+7;

ll gcd(ll a,ll b){return b?gcd(b,a%b):a;}
ll ksm(ll a,ll b,ll mod){int ans=1;while(b){if(b&1) ans=(ans*a)%mod;a=(a*a)%mod;b>>=1;}return ans;}
ll inv2(ll a,ll mod){return ksm(a,mod-2,mod);}
void exgcd(ll a,ll b,ll &x,ll &y,ll &d){if(!b) {d = a;x = 1;y=0;}else{exgcd(b,a%b,y,x,d);y-=x*(a/b);}}//printf("%lld*a + %lld*b = %lld\n", x, y, d);

/*namespace sgt
{
    #define mid ((l+r)>>1)

    #undef mid
}*/

typedef long long ll;
ll n,ans = 0,a[15];

void dfs(int x,ll now)
{
    if(x==0)
    {
        if(now<=n) ans++;
        return ;
    }
    dfs(x-1,now+1*a[x-1]);
    dfs(x-1,now);
}

ll solve(ll x)
{
    int pos = 0;
    while(x)
    {
        pos++;
        x/=10;
    }
    dfs(pos,0);
    return ans;
}
int main()
{
    //ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    //freopen("a.txt","r",stdin);
    //freopen("b.txt","w",stdout);
    scanf("%lld",&n);
    a[0] = 1;
    for(int i = 1;i<=10;++i)
        a[i] = a[i-1]*10;
    printf("%lld\n",solve(n)-1);
    //fclose(stdin);
    //fclose(stdout);
    //cout << "time: " << (long long)clock() * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC << " ms" << endl;
    return 0;
}