如果您不了解TCP的连线方式,在看
Gof的书介绍State模式时,大概会看得一头雾水吧!TCP的连线状态图,光是要了解就要花点精神了,它的连线状态很多,用来说明状态模式确实很适合,但不适合教导初学模式的人。
由简单的开始会比较好理解状态模式的作用,先来看一个例子,如果您有一个只能顺时针转动的瓦斯开关,转动一次的状态为off、small fire、medium fire与largefire,您如何在程式中控制状态的变化与行为呢?一个最简单的方式就是用if..else或是switch流程来控制,例如:
State.java
public class State {
private int state;
public State() {
state = 0;
}
public void switchFire() {
if (state == 0) {
state = 1;
System.out.println( "small fire" );
} else if (state == 1) {
state = 2;
System.out.println( "medium fire" );
} else if (state == 2) {
state = 3;
System.out.println( "large fire" );
} else {
state = 0;
System.out.println( "turning off" );
}
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
State state = new State();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
}
}
这个方法很简单,每个人都会,但如果您的状态变化并不是流水式的变化,而是像TCP连线状态一样,会是一个网络图的时候,用if...else或switch来写的话,您的程式就会乱的不像话了;来考虑如何让物件控制自己的状态转换与所应表现的行为,这个程式可以这样改写:
IState.java
public interface IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw);
}
OffState
public class OffState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println( "small fire" );
}
}
SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println( "medium fire" );
}
}
MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println( "large fire" );
}
}
LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println( "off fire" );
}
}
FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch {
private State current;
public FireSwitch() {
current = new OffState();
}
public void setState(State s) {
current = s;
}
public void switchFire() {
current.switchFire(this);
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
}
}
程式执行结果与上一个例子是一样的,但这次并没有用流程控制来进行状态转换,而由物件自行控制自己的状态,与必须表现的行为,这个方式就是State 模式,将这个例子的 UML 类别结构画出就如下所示:
再进一步考虑开关可以顺时针与逆时针转动,这时如果您仍以if...else或switch来写,就会让流程显示复杂,来看看如何使用状态模式来撰写:
IState.java
public interface IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw);
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw);
}
OffState.java
public class OffState implements IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println("small fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println("large fire");
}
}
SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println("medium fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println("off fire");
}
}
MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println("large fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println("small fire");
}
}
LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements State {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println("off fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println("medium fire");
}
}
FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch {
private State current;
public FireSwitch() {
current = new OffState();
}
public void setState(State s) {
current = s;
}
public void switchClockWise() {
current.switchClockWise(this);
}
public void switchCountClock() {
current.switchCountClock(this);
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
System.out.println();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
}
}
接下来您可以任意的转动开关了,无论是顺时针转动或是逆时针转动,状态的转换都由物件自己来表现,这是双向状态转换下的例子,如果一个状态可能转换至三个以上的状态,使用State模式就更可以看出它的好处了,就像Gof的TCP连线例子一样,如果您了解TCP连线,可以看看原书是如何实现TCP连线之间的状态转换的。
State模式的UML结构图如下:
由简单的开始会比较好理解状态模式的作用,先来看一个例子,如果您有一个只能顺时针转动的瓦斯开关,转动一次的状态为off、small fire、medium fire与largefire,您如何在程式中控制状态的变化与行为呢?一个最简单的方式就是用if..else或是switch流程来控制,例如:
State.java
public class State {
private int state;
public State() {
state = 0;
}
public void switchFire() {
if (state == 0) {
state = 1;
System.out.println( "small fire" );
} else if (state == 1) {
state = 2;
System.out.println( "medium fire" );
} else if (state == 2) {
state = 3;
System.out.println( "large fire" );
} else {
state = 0;
System.out.println( "turning off" );
}
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
State state = new State();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
state.switchFire();
}
}
这个方法很简单,每个人都会,但如果您的状态变化并不是流水式的变化,而是像TCP连线状态一样,会是一个网络图的时候,用if...else或switch来写的话,您的程式就会乱的不像话了;来考虑如何让物件控制自己的状态转换与所应表现的行为,这个程式可以这样改写:
IState.java
public interface IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw);
}
OffState
public class OffState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println( "small fire" );
}
}
SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println( "medium fire" );
}
}
MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println( "large fire" );
}
}
LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements IState {
public void switchFire(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println( "off fire" );
}
}
FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch {
private State current;
public FireSwitch() {
current = new OffState();
}
public void setState(State s) {
current = s;
}
public void switchFire() {
current.switchFire(this);
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
fireSwitch.switchFire();
}
}
程式执行结果与上一个例子是一样的,但这次并没有用流程控制来进行状态转换,而由物件自行控制自己的状态,与必须表现的行为,这个方式就是State 模式,将这个例子的 UML 类别结构画出就如下所示:
![](http://hi.csdn.net/attachment/201111/25/84904_1322202704kKd3.jpg)
再进一步考虑开关可以顺时针与逆时针转动,这时如果您仍以if...else或switch来写,就会让流程显示复杂,来看看如何使用状态模式来撰写:
IState.java
public interface IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw);
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw);
}
OffState.java
public class OffState implements IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println("small fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println("large fire");
}
}
SmallState.java
public class SmallState implements IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println("medium fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println("off fire");
}
}
MediumState.java
public class MediumState implements IState {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new LargeState());
System.out.println("large fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new SmallState());
System.out.println("small fire");
}
}
LargeState.java
public class LargeState implements State {
public void switchClockWise(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new OffState());
System.out.println("off fire");
}
public void switchCountClock(FireSwitch sw) {
sw.setState(new MediumState());
System.out.println("medium fire");
}
}
FireSwitch.java
public class FireSwitch {
private State current;
public FireSwitch() {
current = new OffState();
}
public void setState(State s) {
current = s;
}
public void switchClockWise() {
current.switchClockWise(this);
}
public void switchCountClock() {
current.switchCountClock(this);
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
FireSwitch fireSwitch = new FireSwitch();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
fireSwitch.switchClockWise();
System.out.println();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
fireSwitch.switchCountClock();
}
}
接下来您可以任意的转动开关了,无论是顺时针转动或是逆时针转动,状态的转换都由物件自己来表现,这是双向状态转换下的例子,如果一个状态可能转换至三个以上的状态,使用State模式就更可以看出它的好处了,就像Gof的TCP连线例子一样,如果您了解TCP连线,可以看看原书是如何实现TCP连线之间的状态转换的。
State模式的UML结构图如下:
![](http://hi.csdn.net/attachment/201111/25/84904_132220270460Un.jpg)