引爆物联网应用的WiFi室内定位技术及其演进

本文探讨了WiFi在室内定位中的优势,包括带宽优势和商业普及,但指出其面临解决方案复杂、维护成本高、产业链不成熟及精度不足等问题。文章还介绍了毫米波频段技术、精准测时机制(FTM)和CSI技术作为提升WiFi定位精度的新兴技术,展望了WiFi在物联网领域的广阔应用前景。
摘要由CSDN通过智能技术生成

文/刘永俊、余西西、杨晖

当人们处于一个陌生的环境时,往往最迫切想要知道的一件事就是:“我在哪里?”获取这个问题答案的过程,就是定位。早在远古时代,人们就已经学会通过太阳、星辰来辨认自己的方位;四分仪、六分仪的发明,让大航海时代那些狂热的淘金者们在茫茫汪洋中能确知航行的经纬度;而到了21世纪的今天,人们则普遍采用智能手机的地图导航来确定自己所在的位置与行驶路线。

人们对定位应用的需求随着技术的高速发展而变得更加多样化,特别是在物联网业务蓬勃发展的今天:在工厂,管理者希望精确追踪贵重物资和生产设备;在火场,消防员在浓烟滚滚中需要实施有效救援;在医院,价值千百万的贵重医疗设备需要管控;行车中,驾驶者希望获取最畅通的路线和最近的空闲车位;在商场里,消费者希望得到精准的商铺和货品定位,销售者也希望实现精准的广告推送;智能家居的实现,离不开精准定位使用者的归来;父母最迫切的希望,是知晓在人群里乱跑的孩子的行踪……定位应用遍布工业领域、行业领域和消费者领域,几乎何处有物联,何处就需要定位。

室内定位技术中的WiFi优势

近年来,物联网领域对于定位应用的研发热潮越演越烈。当前定位领域的主流技术包括蜂窝网、卫星、ZigBee、蓝牙、超宽带和WiFi等。蜂窝网上百米的定位精度无法满足物联网小尺度定位的要求,而卫星定位的致命缺陷是基本无法在室内收到可用的信号。ZigBee、蓝牙和超宽带等短距离无线通信技术虽然适合应用场景的定位要求,但是,超宽带技术成本过高,难以推广,ZigBee和蓝牙定位精度只有5~10米左右,其带宽限制使二者在未来也难有较大的提升。


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室内定位算法,有助于研究者认清研究方向,给定位算法一个准确的描述,是很好的参考教材。the possibility for the user to be notified by visible and Waveformof Distance audible warnings using buzzer and led ar to Very close to al 1903 Tme「 samples Fig 4 Distance measurement using the RSSi signal The system is used to determine the distance between Fig. 2. Tag4M Data Acquisition System tags and 2, 3, 4 or more APs. The tag scans after the aps ⅣV. EXPERIMENTS and sends the rssi values for each ap to the ap which is associated The system presented above can be used for objects or In order to read the corresponding rSsi values of all people localization in an indoor enviro found access points, a""operation is implemented at Let's suppose a building where several objects are Tag4M level. The time to scan is smaller than few distributed all over milliseconds, because the tag doesnt associate with the all For a better understanding of the system, it is showed an APs. These values are sent to a pC where the localization experiment where the objects are placed only at one floor. algorithm is implemented in LabVIFW20 10 (see Fig. 5) Each of these objects has attached a tag. The devices are Table I presents a scan operation result. In this case used to determine the location of the objects in the four APs(which are placed in the floor building)named building and the distance between tags and APs. To Hawk, Helicopter, Tag4M and WitagServer are detected measure the distance, the RSSI is processed. This method The corresponding rSSi values(in dBm) measured by the is not very accurate and is strong depended to the Tag4M are reported for every AP environment, but is very easy to implement with the TABLE 1. A SEQUENCE OF RESULTS FOR THE SCANOPERATION The Fig 3 presents the experiment environment for one EXFCUTED ON THE TAG4M DEVICE oor where the colored circles represents the APs and the rectangles represents the objects intended to be located This floor is divided in six rooms separated by walls

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