python的turtle画图软件包的使用

24.5.3. Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions

Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called turtle.

24.5.3.1. Turtle motion

turtle. forward ( distance ) turtle. fd ( distance )

Parameters:	distance – a number (integer or float)

Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is headed.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(25)
>>> turtle.position()
(25.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.forward(-75)
>>> turtle.position()
(-50.00,0.00)

turtle. back ( distance ) turtle. bk ( distance ) turtle. backward ( distance )

Parameters:	distance – a number

Move the turtle backward by distance, opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.backward(30)
>>> turtle.position()
(-30.00,0.00)

turtle. right ( angle ) turtle. rt ( angle )

Parameters:	angle – a number (integer or float)

Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation depends on the turtle mode, see mode().

>>>

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.right(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
337.0

turtle. left ( angle ) turtle. lt ( angle )

Parameters:	angle – a number (integer or float)

Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation depends on the turtle mode, see mode().

>>>

>>> turtle.heading()
22.0
>>> turtle.left(45)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

turtle. goto ( x,  y=None ) turtle. setpos ( x,  y=None ) turtle. setposition ( x,  y=None )

Parameters:	x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers y – a number or None

If y is None, x must be a pair of coordinates or a Vec2D (e.g. as returned by pos()).

Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do not change the turtle’s orientation.

>>>

>>> tp = turtle.pos()
>>> tp
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(60,30)
>>> turtle.pos()
(60.00,30.00)
>>> turtle.setpos((20,80))
>>> turtle.pos()
(20.00,80.00)
>>> turtle.setpos(tp)
>>> turtle.pos()
(0.00,0.00)

turtle. setx ( x )

Parameters:	x – a number (integer or float)

Set the turtle’s first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate unchanged.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.setx(10)
>>> turtle.position()
(10.00,240.00)

turtle. sety ( y )

Parameters:	y – a number (integer or float)

Set the turtle’s second coordinate to y, leave first coordinate unchanged.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,40.00)
>>> turtle.sety(-10)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)

turtle. setheading ( to_angle ) turtle. seth ( to_angle )

Parameters:	to_angle – a number (integer or float)

Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. Here are some common directions in degrees:

standard mode	logo mode
0 - east	0 - north
90 - north	90 - east
180 - west	180 - south
270 - south	270 - west

>>>

>>> turtle.setheading(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

turtle. home ( )

Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see mode()).

>>>

>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-10.00)
>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

turtle. circle ( radius,  extent=None,  steps=None )

Parameters:	radius – a number extent – a number (or None) steps – an integer (or None)

Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent – an angle – determines which part of the circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent.

As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
>>> turtle.circle(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(-0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0
>>> turtle.circle(120, 180)  # draw a semicircle
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,240.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
180.0

turtle. dot ( size=None,  *color )

Parameters:	size – an integer >= 1 (if given) color – a colorstring or a numeric color tuple

Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.dot()
>>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(100.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

turtle. stamp ( )

Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by callingclearstamp(stamp_id).

>>>

>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> turtle.stamp()
11
>>> turtle.fd(50)

turtle. clearstamp ( stampid )

Parameters:	stampid – an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call

Delete stamp with given stampid.

>>>

>>> turtle.position()
(150.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.color("blue")
>>> astamp = turtle.stamp()
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)
>>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp)
>>> turtle.position()
(200.00,-0.00)

turtle. clearstamps ( n=None )

Parameters:	n – an integer (or None)

Delete all or first/last n of turtle’s stamps. If n is None, delete all stamps, if n > 0 delete first n stamps, else if n < 0 delete last n stamps.

>>>

>>> for i in range(8):
...     turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30)
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
>>> turtle.clearstamps(2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps(-2)
>>> turtle.clearstamps()

turtle. undo ( )

Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.

>>>

>>> for i in range(4):
...     turtle.fd(50); turtle.lt(80)
...
>>> for i in range(8):
...     turtle.undo()

turtle. speed ( speed=None )

Parameters:	speed – an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)

Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no argument is given, return current speed.

If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:

• “fastest”: 0
• “fast”: 10
• “normal”: 6
• “slow”: 3
• “slowest”: 1

Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning.

Attention: speed = 0 means that no animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly.

>>>

>>> turtle.speed()
3
>>> turtle.speed('normal')
>>> turtle.speed()
6
>>> turtle.speed(9)
>>> turtle.speed()
9

24.5.3.2. Tell Turtle’s state

turtle. position ( ) turtle. pos ( )

Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a Vec2D vector).

>>>

>>> turtle.pos()
(440.00,-0.00)

turtle. towards ( x,  y=None )

Parameters:	x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y – a number if x is a number, else None

Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle’s start orientation which depends on the mode - “standard”/”world” or “logo”).

>>>

>>> turtle.goto(10, 10)
>>> turtle.towards(0,0)
225.0

turtle. xcor ( )

Return the turtle’s x coordinate.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(50)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> turtle.pos()
(64.28,76.60)
>>> print turtle.xcor()
64.2787609687

turtle. ycor ( )

Return the turtle’s y coordinate.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.forward(100)
>>> print turtle.pos()
(50.00,86.60)
>>> print turtle.ycor()
86.6025403784

turtle. heading ( )

Return the turtle’s current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see mode()).

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(67)
>>> turtle.heading()
67.0

turtle. distance ( x,  y=None )

Parameters:	x – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y – a number if x is a number, else None

Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given other turtle, in turtle step units.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.distance(30,40)
50.0
>>> turtle.distance((30,40))
50.0
>>> joe = Turtle()
>>> joe.forward(77)
>>> turtle.distance(joe)
77.0

24.5.3.3. Settings for measurement

turtle. degrees ( fullcircle=360.0 )

Parameters:	fullcircle – a number

Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of “degrees” for a full circle. Default value is 360 degrees.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,
grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)
>>> turtle.degrees(400.0)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.degrees(360)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0

turtle. radians ( )

Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to degrees(2*math.pi).

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.left(90)
>>> turtle.heading()
90.0
>>> turtle.radians()
>>> turtle.heading()
1.5707963267948966

24.5.3.4. Pen control

24.5.3.4.1. Drawing state

turtle. pendown ( ) turtle. pd ( ) turtle. down ( )

Pull the pen down – drawing when moving.

turtle. penup ( ) turtle. pu ( ) turtle. up ( )

Pull the pen up – no drawing when moving.

turtle. pensize ( width=None ) turtle. width ( width=None )

Parameters:	width – a positive number

Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set to “auto” and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned.

>>>

>>> turtle.pensize()
1
>>> turtle.pensize(10)   # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn

turtle. pen ( pen=None,  **pendict )

Parameters:	pen – a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys pendict – one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords

Return or set the pen’s attributes in a “pen-dictionary” with the following key/value pairs:

• “shown”: True/False
• “pendown”: True/False
• “pencolor”: color-string or color-tuple
• “fillcolor”: color-string or color-tuple
• “pensize”: positive number
• “speed”: number in range 0..10
• “resizemode”: “auto” or “user” or “noresize”
• “stretchfactor”: (positive number, positive number)
• “outline”: positive number
• “tilt”: number

This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to pen() to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement.

>>>

>>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10)
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
[('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
 ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
 ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]
>>> penstate=turtle.pen()
>>> turtle.color("yellow", "")
>>> turtle.penup()
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
[('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow'),
 ('pendown', False), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
 ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]
>>> turtle.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green")
>>> sorted(turtle.pen().items())
[('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),
 ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),
 ('shown', True), ('speed', 9), ('stretchfactor', (1, 1)), ('tilt', 0)]

turtle. isdown ( )

Return True if pen is down, False if it’s up.

>>>

>>> turtle.penup()
>>> turtle.isdown()
False
>>> turtle.pendown()
>>> turtle.isdown()
True

24.5.3.4.2. Color control

turtle. pencolor ( *args )

Return or set the pencolor.

Four input formats are allowed:

pencolor()

Return the current pencolor as color specification string or as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.

pencolor(colorstring)

Set pencolor to  colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string, such as  "red",  "yellow", or  "#33cc8c".

pencolor((r, g, b))

Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of  r,  g, and  b. Each of  r,  g, and  b must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see  colormode()).

pencolor(r, g, b)

Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by  r,  g, and  b. Each of  r,  g, and  b must be in the range 0..colormode.

If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the newly set pencolor.

>>>

>>> colormode()
1.0
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'red'
>>> turtle.pencolor("brown")
>>> turtle.pencolor()
'brown'
>>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55)
>>> turtle.pencolor(tup)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373)
>>> colormode(255)
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(51, 204, 140)
>>> turtle.pencolor('#32c18f')
>>> turtle.pencolor()
(50, 193, 143)

turtle. fillcolor ( *args )

Return or set the fillcolor.

Four input formats are allowed:

fillcolor()

Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call.

fillcolor(colorstring)

Set fillcolor to  colorstring, which is a Tk color specification string, such as  "red",  "yellow", or  "#33cc8c".

fillcolor((r, g, b))

Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of  r,  g, and  b. Each of  r,  g, and  b must be in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see  colormode()).

fillcolor(r, g, b)

Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by  r,  g, and  b. Each of  r,  g, and  b must be in the range 0..colormode.

If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set fillcolor.

>>>

>>> turtle.fillcolor("violet")
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
'violet'
>>> col = turtle.pencolor()
>>> col
(50, 193, 143)
>>> turtle.fillcolor(col)
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
(50, 193, 143)
>>> turtle.fillcolor('#ffffff')
>>> turtle.fillcolor()
(255, 255, 255)

turtle. color ( *args )

Return or set pencolor and fillcolor.

Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as follows:

color()

Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color specification strings or tuples as returned by  pencolor() and  fillcolor().

color(colorstring),  color((r,g,b)),  color(r,g,b)

Inputs as in  pencolor(), set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the given value.

color(colorstring1, colorstring2),  color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2))

Equivalent to  pencolor(colorstring1) and  fillcolor(colorstring2) and analogously if the other input format is used.

If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set colors.

>>>

>>> turtle.color("red", "green")
>>> turtle.color()
('red', 'green')
>>> color("#285078", "#a0c8f0")
>>> color()
((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240))

See also: Screen method colormode().

24.5.3.4.3. Filling

turtle. fill ( flag )

Parameters:	flag – True/False (or 1/0 respectively)

Call fill(True) before drawing the shape you want to fill, and fill(False) when done. When used without argument: return fillstate (True if filling, False else).

>>>

>>> turtle.fill(True)
>>> for _ in range(3):
...    turtle.forward(100)
...    turtle.left(120)
...
>>> turtle.fill(False)

turtle. begin_fill ( )

Call just before drawing a shape to be filled. Equivalent to fill(True).

turtle. end_fill ( )

Fill the shape drawn after the last call to begin_fill(). Equivalent to fill(False).

>>>

>>> turtle.color("black", "red")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> turtle.circle(80)
>>> turtle.end_fill()

24.5.3.4.4. More drawing control

turtle. reset ( )

Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values.

>>>

>>> turtle.goto(0,-22)
>>> turtle.left(100)
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,-22.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
100.0
>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.position()
(0.00,0.00)
>>> turtle.heading()
0.0

turtle. clear ( )

Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected.

turtle. write ( arg,  move=False,  align="left",  font=("Arial",  8,  "normal") )

Parameters:	arg – object to be written to the TurtleScreen move – True/False align – one of the strings “left”, “center” or right” font – a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)

Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current turtle position according to align (“left”, “center” or right”) and with the given font. If move is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default, move is False.

>>>

>>> turtle.write("Home = ", True, align="center")
>>> turtle.write((0,0), True)

24.5.3.5. Turtle state

24.5.3.5.1. Visibility

turtle. hideturtle ( ) turtle. ht ( )

Make the turtle invisible. It’s a good idea to do this while you’re in the middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the drawing observably.

>>>

>>> turtle.hideturtle()

turtle. showturtle ( ) turtle. st ( )

Make the turtle visible.

>>>

>>> turtle.showturtle()

turtle. isvisible ( )

Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it’s hidden.

>>>

>>> turtle.hideturtle()
>>> turtle.isvisible()
False
>>> turtle.showturtle()
>>> turtle.isvisible()
True

24.5.3.5.2. Appearance

turtle. shape ( name=None )

Parameters:	name – a string which is a valid shapename

Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given, return name of current shape. Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen’s shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: “arrow”, “turtle”, “circle”, “square”, “triangle”, “classic”. To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen method register_shape().

>>>

>>> turtle.shape()
'classic'
>>> turtle.shape("turtle")
>>> turtle.shape()
'turtle'

turtle. resizemode ( rmode=None )

Parameters:	rmode – one of the strings “auto”, “user”, “noresize”

Set resizemode to one of the values: “auto”, “user”, “noresize”. If rmode is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the following effects:

• “auto”: adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize.
• “user”: adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by shapesize().
• “noresize”: no adaption of the turtle’s appearance takes place.

resizemode(“user”) is called by shapesize() when used with arguments.

>>>

>>> turtle.resizemode()
'noresize'
>>> turtle.resizemode("auto")
>>> turtle.resizemode()
'auto'

turtle. shapesize ( stretch_wid=None,  stretch_len=None,  outline=None ) turtle. turtlesize ( stretch_wid=None,  stretch_len=None,  outline=None )

Parameters:	stretch_wid – positive number stretch_len – positive number outline – positive number

Return or set the pen’s attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set resizemode to “user”. If and only if resizemode is set to “user”, the turtle will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of its orientation,outline determines the width of the shapes’s outline.

>>>

>>> turtle.shapesize()
(1, 1, 1)
>>> turtle.resizemode("user")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 12)
>>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8)
>>> turtle.shapesize()
(5, 5, 8)

turtle. tilt ( angle )

Parameters:	angle – a number

Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, but do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).

>>>

>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.tilt(30)
>>> turtle.fd(50)

turtle. settiltangle ( angle )

Parameters:	angle – a number

Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do not change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).

>>>

>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(45)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.settiltangle(-45)
>>> turtle.fd(50)

turtle. tiltangle ( )

Return the current tilt-angle, i.e. the angle between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle (its direction of movement).

>>>

>>> turtle.reset()
>>> turtle.shape("circle")
>>> turtle.shapesize(5,2)
>>> turtle.tilt(45)
>>> turtle.tiltangle()
45.0

24.5.3.6. Using events

turtle. onclick ( fun,  btn=1,  add=None )

Parameters:	fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas num – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) add – True or False – if True, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-click events on this turtle. If fun is None, existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the procedural way:

>>>

>>> def turn(x, y):
...     left(180)
...
>>> onclick(turn)  # Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.
>>> onclick(None)  # event-binding will be removed

turtle. onrelease ( fun,  btn=1,  add=None )

Parameters:	fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas num – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) add – True or False – if True, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If fun is None, existing bindings are removed.

>>>

>>> class MyTurtle(Turtle):
...     def glow(self,x,y):
...         self.fillcolor("red")
...     def unglow(self,x,y):
...         self.fillcolor("")
...
>>> turtle = MyTurtle()
>>> turtle.onclick(turtle.glow)     # clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red,
>>> turtle.onrelease(turtle.unglow) # releasing turns it to transparent.

turtle. ondrag ( fun,  btn=1,  add=None )

Parameters:	fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas num – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) add – True or False – if True, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-move events on this turtle. If fun is None, existing bindings are removed.

Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a mouse-click event on that turtle.

>>>

>>> turtle.ondrag(turtle.goto)

Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).

turtle. mainloop ( ) turtle. done ( )

Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function. Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program.

>>>

>>> turtle.mainloop()

24.5.3.7. Special Turtle methods

turtle. begin_poly ( )

Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first vertex of polygon.

turtle. end_poly ( )

Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex.

turtle. get_poly ( )

Return the last recorded polygon.

>>>

>>> turtle.home()
>>> turtle.begin_poly()
>>> turtle.fd(100)
>>> turtle.left(20)
>>> turtle.fd(30)
>>> turtle.left(60)
>>> turtle.fd(50)
>>> turtle.end_poly()
>>> p = turtle.get_poly()
>>> register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p)

turtle. clone ( )

Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and turtle properties.

>>>

>>> mick = Turtle()
>>> joe = mick.clone()

turtle. getturtle ( ) turtle. getpen ( )

Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the “anonymous turtle”:

>>>

>>> pet = getturtle()
>>> pet.fd(50)
>>> pet
<turtle.Turtle object at 0x...>

turtle. getscreen ( )

Return the TurtleScreen object the turtle is drawing on. TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object.

>>>

>>> ts = turtle.getscreen()
>>> ts
<turtle._Screen object at 0x...>
>>> ts.bgcolor("pink")

turtle. setundobuffer ( size )

Parameters:	size – an integer or None

Set or disable undobuffer. If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. size gives the maximum number of turtle actions that can be undone by the undo() method/function. If size is None, the undobuffer is disabled.

>>>

>>> turtle.setundobuffer(42)

turtle. undobufferentries ( )

Return number of entries in the undobuffer.

>>>

>>> while undobufferentries():
...     undo()

turtle. tracer ( flag=None,  delay=None )

A replica of the corresponding TurtleScreen method.

Deprecated since version 2.6.

turtle. window_width ( ) turtle. window_height ( )

Both are replicas of the corresponding TurtleScreen methods.

Deprecated since version 2.6.

24.5.3.8. Excursus about the use of compound shapes

To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different color, you must use the helper class Shape explicitly as described below:

1. Create an empty Shape object of type “compound”.

2. Add as many components to this object as desired, using the addcomponent() method.

   For example:

   >>>

   >>> s = Shape("compound")
   >>> poly1 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
   >>> s.addcomponent(poly1, "red", "blue")
   >>> poly2 = ((0,0),(10,-5),(-10,-5))
   >>> s.addcomponent(poly2, "blue", "red")
   

3. Now add the Shape to the Screen’s shapelist and use it:

   >>>

   >>> register_shape("myshape", s)
   >>> shape("myshape")
   

Note

 

The Shape class is used internally by the register_shape() method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the Shape class onlywhen using compound shapes like shown above!

24.5.4. Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions

Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called screen.

24.5.4.1. Window control

turtle. bgcolor ( *args )

Parameters:	args – a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers

Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.

>>>

>>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
'orange'
>>> screen.bgcolor("#800080")
>>> screen.bgcolor()
(128, 0, 128)

turtle. bgpic ( picname=None )

Parameters:	picname – a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic", or None

Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If picname is "nopic", delete background image, if present. If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage.

>>>

>>> screen.bgpic()
'nopic'
>>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif")
>>> screen.bgpic()
"landscape.gif"

turtle. clear ( ) turtle. clearscreen ( )

Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background image, no event bindings and tracing on.

Note

 

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name clearscreen. The global function clear is another one derived from the Turtle method clear.

turtle. reset ( ) turtle. resetscreen ( )

Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.

Note

 

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name resetscreen. The global function reset is another one derived from the Turtle method reset.

turtle. screensize ( canvwidth=None,  canvheight=None,  bg=None )

Parameters:	canvwidth – positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels canvheight – positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels bg – colorstring or color-tuple, new background color

If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the canvas before.

>>>

>>> screen.screensize()
(400, 300)
>>> screen.screensize(2000,1500)
>>> screen.screensize()
(2000, 1500)

e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)

turtle. setworldcoordinates ( llx,  lly,  urx,  ury )

Parameters:	llx – a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas lly – a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas urx – a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas ury – a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas

Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode “world” if necessary. This performs a screen.reset(). If mode “world” is already active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.

ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear distorted.

>>>

>>> screen.reset()
>>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-50,-7.5,50,7.5)
>>> for _ in range(72):
...     left(10)
...
>>> for _ in range(8):
...     left(45); fd(2)   # a regular octagon

24.5.4.2. Animation control

turtle. delay ( delay=None )

Parameters:	delay – positive integer

Set or return the drawing delay in milliseconds. (This is approximately the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the drawing delay, the slower the animation.

Optional argument:

>>>

>>> screen.delay()
10
>>> screen.delay(5)
>>> screen.delay()
5

turtle. tracer ( n=None,  delay=None )

Parameters:	n – nonnegative integer delay – nonnegative integer

Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second argument sets delay value (see delay()).

>>>

>>> screen.tracer(8, 25)
>>> dist = 2
>>> for i in range(200):
...     fd(dist)
...     rt(90)
...     dist += 2

turtle. update ( )

Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off.

See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method speed().

24.5.4.3. Using screen events

turtle. listen ( xdummy=None,  ydummy=None )

Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass listen() to the onclick method.

turtle. onkey ( fun,  key )

Parameters:	fun – a function with no arguments or None key – a string: key (e.g. “a”) or key-symbol (e.g. “space”)

Bind fun to key-release event of key. If fun is None, event bindings are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have the focus. (See method listen().)

>>>

>>> def f():
...     fd(50)
...     lt(60)
...
>>> screen.onkey(f, "Up")
>>> screen.listen()

turtle. onclick ( fun,  btn=1,  add=None ) turtle. onscreenclick ( fun,  btn=1,  add=None )

Parameters:	fun – a function with two arguments which will be called with the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas num – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button) add – True or False – if True, a new binding will be added, otherwise it will replace a former binding

Bind fun to mouse-click events on this screen. If fun is None, existing bindings are removed.

Example for a TurtleScreen instance named screen and a Turtle instance named turtle:

>>>

>>> screen.onclick(turtle.goto) # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will
>>>                             # make the turtle move to the clicked point.
>>> screen.onclick(None)        # remove event binding again

Note

 

This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the name onscreenclick. The global function onclick is another one derived from the Turtle method onclick.

turtle. ontimer ( fun,  t=0 )

Parameters:	fun – a function with no arguments t – a number >= 0

Install a timer that calls fun after t milliseconds.

>>>

>>> running = True
>>> def f():
...     if running:
...         fd(50)
...         lt(60)
...         screen.ontimer(f, 250)
>>> f()   ### makes the turtle march around
>>> running = False

24.5.4.4. Settings and special methods

turtle. mode ( mode=None )

Parameters:	mode – one of the strings “standard”, “logo” or “world”

Set turtle mode (“standard”, “logo” or “world”) and perform reset. If mode is not given, current mode is returned.

Mode “standard” is compatible with old turtle. Mode “logo” is compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode “world” uses user-defined “world coordinates”.Attention: in this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn’t equal 1.

Mode	Initial turtle heading	positive angles
“standard”	to the right (east)	counterclockwise
“logo”	upward (north)	clockwise

>>>

>>> mode("logo")   # resets turtle heading to north
>>> mode()
'logo'

turtle. colormode ( cmode=None )

Parameters:	cmode – one of the values 1.0 or 255

Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently r, g, b values of color triples have to be in the range 0..cmode.

>>>

>>> screen.colormode(1)
>>> turtle.pencolor(240, 160, 80)
Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
TurtleGraphicsError: bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80)
>>> screen.colormode()
1.0
>>> screen.colormode(255)
>>> screen.colormode()
255
>>> turtle.pencolor(240,160,80)

turtle. getcanvas ( )

Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to do with a Tkinter Canvas.

>>>

>>> cv = screen.getcanvas()
>>> cv
<turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x...>

turtle. getshapes ( )

Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.

>>>

>>> screen.getshapes()
['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ..., 'turtle']

turtle. register_shape ( name,  shape=None ) turtle. addshape ( name,  shape=None )

There are three different ways to call this function:

1. name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None: Install the corresponding image shape.

   >>>

   >>> screen.register_shape("turtle.gif")
   

   Note

    

   Image shapes do not rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not display the heading of the turtle!

2. name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape.

   >>>

   >>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3), (0,5), (-5,-3)))
   

3. name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) Shape object: Install the corresponding compound shape.

Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered shapes can be used by issuing the command shape(shapename).

turtle. turtles ( )

Return the list of turtles on the screen.

>>>

>>> for turtle in screen.turtles():
...     turtle.color("red")

turtle. window_height ( )

Return the height of the turtle window.

>>>

>>> screen.window_height()
480

turtle. window_width ( )

Return the width of the turtle window.

>>>

>>> screen.window_width()
640

24.5.4.5. Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen

turtle. bye ( )

Shut the turtlegraphics window.

turtle. exitonclick ( )

Bind bye() method to mouse clicks on the Screen.

If the value “using_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is False (default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the -n switch (no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to True in turtle.cfg. In this case IDLE’s own mainloop is active also for the client script.

turtle. setup ( width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"], startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"] )

Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a turtle.cfg file.

Parameters:

width – if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 50% of screen height – if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the screen; default is 75% of screen startx – if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if None, center window horizontally starty – if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if None, center window vertically

>>>

>>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0)
>>>              # sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen
>>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None)
>>>              # sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers

turtle. title ( titlestring )

Parameters:	titlestring – a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle graphics window

Set title of turtle window to titlestring.

>>>

>>> screen.title("Welcome to the turtle zoo!")

24.5.5. The public classes of the module turtle

class  turtle. RawTurtle ( canvas ) class  turtle. RawPen ( canvas )

Parameters:	canvas – a Tkinter.Canvas, a ScrolledCanvas or a TurtleScreen

Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as “methods of Turtle/RawTurtle”.

class  turtle. Turtle

Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default Screen object created automatically when needed for the first time.

class  turtle. TurtleScreen ( cv )

Parameters:	cv – a Tkinter.Canvas

Provides screen oriented methods like setbg() etc. that are described above.

class  turtle. Screen

Subclass of TurtleScreen, with four methods added.

class  turtle. ScrolledCanvas ( master )

Parameters:	master – some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i.e. a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added

Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as playground for the turtles.

class  turtle. Shape ( type_,  data )

Parameters:	type_ – one of the strings “polygon”, “image”, “compound”

Data structure modeling shapes. The pair (type_, data) must follow this specification:

type_	data
“polygon”	a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates
“image”	an image (in this form only used internally!)
“compound”	None (a compound shape has to be constructed using the addcomponent()method)

addcomponent ( poly,  fill,  outline=None )

Parameters:	poly – a polygon, i.e. a tuple of pairs of numbers fill – a color the poly will be filled with outline – a color for the poly’s outline (if given)

Example:

>>>

>>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5))
>>> s = Shape("compound")
>>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue")
>>> # ... add more components and then use register_shape()

See Excursus about the use of compound shapes.

class  turtle. Vec2D ( x,  y )

A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!

Provides (for a, b vectors, k number):

• a + b vector addition
• a - b vector subtraction
• a * b inner product
• k * a and a * k multiplication with scalar
• abs(a) absolute value of a
• a.rotate(angle) rotation

24.5.6. Help and configuration

24.5.6.1. How to use help

The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help facilities:

• When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the docstrings of typed in function-/method calls.

• Calling help() on methods or functions displays the docstrings:

  >>>

  >>> help(Screen.bgcolor)
  Help on method bgcolor in module turtle:
  
  bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method
      Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
  
      Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
      in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
  
  
        >>> screen.bgcolor("orange")
        >>> screen.bgcolor()
        "orange"
        >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
        >>> screen.bgcolor()
        "#800080"
  
  >>> help(Turtle.penup)
  Help on method penup in module turtle:
  
  penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method
      Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
  
      Aliases: penup | pu | up
  
      No argument
  
      >>> turtle.penup()
  

• The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified form:

  >>>

  >>> help(bgcolor)
  Help on function bgcolor in module turtle:
  
  bgcolor(*args)
      Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.
  
      Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers
      in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.
  
      Example::
  
        >>> bgcolor("orange")
        >>> bgcolor()
        "orange"
        >>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)
        >>> bgcolor()
        "#800080"
  
  >>> help(penup)
  Help on function penup in module turtle:
  
  penup()
      Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.
  
      Aliases: penup | pu | up
  
      No argument
  
      Example:
      >>> penup()
  

These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function definitions that are derived from the methods at import time.