Linux与HelloWorld

gcc 编译过程

1.Hello.c (源文件)à Hello.i（预处理文件）（预处理是将头文件，条件编译，宏定义预先处理） 

2.Hello.i（预处理文件）àHello.s(汇编文件)（将预处理文件通过语法词法分析变成汇编文件）

3. Hello.s(汇编文件)àHello.o(可重定位文件)(在经过汇编之后，生成的文件是可重定位文件，然后可重定位文件经过链接器的动态静态链接，最终生成可执行文件)

4. Hello.o(多个可重定位文件，不止Hello.o一个)àHello(可执行文件)

Linux内核过程

1.在终端输入./Hello

2.shell脚本执行fork() 可以理解为创建程序的容器

3.执行execve() 将程序放进容器中

4.执行sys_execve()系统调用(系统提供给用户最底层的接口)

5.通过执行sys_execve()进一步调用do_execve()

6.在do_execve()中进一步调用load_elf_binary()(在文件系统中加载Hello应用程序到内存)

Glibc库相关

1.若是静态链接直接进入_start进入程序入口（_start是编译器指定的程序入口）

2.动态链接要经过ld-linux-xx.so动态链接库再_start(_start是程序真正的入口)

3.程序入口之_start后执行_lib_start_main()初始化应用程序的执行环境

开始正式执行main()函数，printf(“hello,world!\r\n”)

Glibc库相关

执行_exit()结束进程运行

:sudo gcc -E hello.c -o hello.i -v(-v查看详细信息)

/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/cc1 -E -quiet -v -imultiarch aarch64-linux-gnu hello.c -o hello.i -mlittle-endian -mabi=lp64 -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security

(cc1程序)

:sudo gcc -S hello.i -o hello.s -v

/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/cc1 -fpreprocessed hello.i -quiet -dumpbase hello.i -mlittle-endian -mabi=lp64 -auxbase-strip hello.s -version -o hello.s -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security

(cc1程序)

:sudo gcc -c hello.s -o hello.o -v

as -v -EL -mabi=lp64 -o hello.o hello.s

(as命令)

:sudo gcc hello.o -o hello -v（默认动态链接加-static变成静态链接）

(collect2程序是gcc编译器的链接器collect2封装了ld链接器)

/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/collect2 -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper-plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccRWuK2j.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s --build-id --eh-frame-hdr --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux-aarch64.so.1 -X -EL -maarch64linux --fix-cortex-a53-843419 -pie -z now -z relro -o hello /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/crtbeginS.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7 -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../../lib -L/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../.. hello.o -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state -lc -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/crtendS.o /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

(不止一个.o文件，还有_start的.o文件等等)

将以上过程合并

: sudo gcc hello.c -o hello -v

Using built-in specs.

COLLECT_GCC=gcc

COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper

Target: aarch64-linux-gnu

Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu/Linaro 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-7/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-7 --program-prefix=aarch64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-libquadmath --disable-libquadmath-support --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --enable-multiarch --enable-fix-cortex-a53-843419 --disable-werror --enable-checking=release --build=aarch64-linux-gnu --host=aarch64-linux-gnu --target=aarch64-linux-gnu

Thread model: posix

gcc version 7.5.0 (Ubuntu/Linaro 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04)

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-v' '-mlittle-endian' '-mabi=lp64'

 /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/cc1 -quiet -v -imultiarch aarch64-linux-gnu hello.c -quiet -dumpbase hello.c -mlittle-endian -mabi=lp64 -auxbase hello -version -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -o /tmp/cce3YoXO.s

GNU C11 (Ubuntu/Linaro 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04) version 7.5.0 (aarch64-linux-gnu)

        compiled by GNU C version 7.5.0, GMP version 6.1.2, MPFR version 4.0.1, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.19-GMP

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=95 --param ggc-min-heapsize=122908

ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/aarch64-linux-gnu"

ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/include"

#include "..." search starts here:

#include <...> search starts here:

 /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/include

 /usr/local/include

 /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/include-fixed

 /usr/include/aarch64-linux-gnu

 /usr/include

End of search list.

GNU C11 (Ubuntu/Linaro 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04) version 7.5.0 (aarch64-linux-gnu)

        compiled by GNU C version 7.5.0, GMP version 6.1.2, MPFR version 4.0.1, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.19-GMP

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=95 --param ggc-min-heapsize=122908

Compiler executable checksum: c19fc5c64e59a2c8da3d8cc8208e4481

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-v' '-mlittle-endian' '-mabi=lp64'

 as -v -EL -mabi=lp64 -o /tmp/cckbBhmG.o /tmp/cce3YoXO.s

GNU assembler version 2.30 (aarch64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.30

COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/:/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/:/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/:/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/

LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/:/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../../lib/:/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-v' '-mlittle-endian' '-mabi=lp64'

 /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/collect2 -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccosgJVv.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s --build-id --eh-frame-hdr --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux-aarch64.so.1 -X -EL -maarch64linux --fix-cortex-a53-843419 -pie -z now -z relro -o hello /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/crtbeginS.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7 -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../../lib -L/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../.. /tmp/cckbBhmG.o -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state -lc -lgcc --push-state --as-needed -lgcc_s --pop-state /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/crtendS.o /usr/lib/gcc/aarch64-linux-gnu/7/../../../aarch64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-o' 'hello' '-v' '-mlittle-endian' '-mabi=lp64'

流程图