证明n阶方阵A可相似对角化的充要条件是A有n个线性无关的特征向量

$$\begin{array}{rlr}& 证明n阶方阵A可相似对角化的充要条件是A有n个线性无关的特征向量& \\ & 证明：& \\ & 必要性：已知A可以相似对角化，则存在可逆矩阵P& \\ & P^{-1}AP=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}& {\lambda }_1& & & & \\ & & {\lambda }_2& & & \\ & & & \dots & & \\ & & & & {\lambda }_n& \end{array}\right)& \\ & & \\ & AP=P\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}& {\lambda }_1& & & & \\ & & {\lambda }_2& & & \\ & & & \dots & & \\ & & & & {\lambda }_n& \end{array}\right)& \\ & 对P的每列进行分块，有P=[x_1|x_2|\dots |x_n]，于是有& \\ & & \\ & A[x_1|x_2|\dots |x_n]=[x_1|x_2|\dots |x_n]\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}& {\lambda }_1& & & & \\ & & {\lambda }_2& & & \\ & & & \dots & & \\ & & & & {\lambda }_n& \end{array}\right)& \\ & [A{x}_1|A{x}_2|\dots |A{x}_n]=[{\lambda }_1{x}_1|{\lambda }_2{x}_2|\dots |{\lambda }_n{x}_n]& \\ & 有A{x}_i={\lambda }_{i}xi& \\ & 因为P可逆，所以x_i线性无关，可知A有n个线性无关特征向量& \\ & & \\ & 充分性：已知A有n个线性无关的特征向量，A{x}_i={\lambda }_i{x}_i，x_i线性无关& \\ & 有[A{x}_1|A{x}_2|\dots |A{x}_n]=[{\lambda }_1{x}_1|{\lambda }_2{x}_2|\dots |{\lambda }_n{x}_n]& \\ & A[x_1|x_2|\dots |x_n]=[x_1|x_2|\dots |x_n]\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}& {\lambda }_1& & & & \\ & & {\lambda }_2& & & \\ & & & \dots & & \\ & & & & {\lambda }_n& \end{array}\right)令P=[x_1|x_2|\dots |x_n]& \\ & & \\ & AP=P\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}& {\lambda }_1& & & & \\ & & {\lambda }_2& & & \\ & & & \dots & & \\ & & & & {\lambda }_n& \end{array}\right)& \\ & P^{-1}AP=\left(\begin{array}{cccccc}& {\lambda }_1& & & & \\ & & {\lambda }_2& & & \\ & & & \dots & & \\ & & & & {\lambda }_n& \end{array}\right)& \end{array}$$