JDK中线程池及其相关参数总结

一、线程池工厂类Executors

java多线程开发时，常常用到线程池技术，JDK里提供了如下Executors工厂类：

public class Executors {

    //创建固定数量的线程：参数nThreads为线程个数
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

    //创建固定数量的线程：参数nThreads为线程个数，参数threadFactory为创建Thread对象的工程方法对象
    public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                      threadFactory);
    }

    //创建单个工作线程
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
    }

    //创建单个工作线程: 参数threadFactory为创建Thread对象的工程方法对象
    public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
            (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
                                    0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                    new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
                                    threadFactory));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available.  These pools will typically improve the performance
     * of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
     * Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
     * threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
     * thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
     * not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
     * the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
     * not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
     * properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
     * may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
     *
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
     * will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
     * available, and uses the provided
     * ThreadFactory to create new threads when needed.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new threads
     * @return the newly created thread pool
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>(),
                                      threadFactory);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
     * to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * (Note however that if this single
     * thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
     * shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
     * subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are guaranteed to execute
     * sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
     * given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
     * {@code newScheduledThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
     * guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
     * @return the newly created scheduled executor
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor() {
        return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
            (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a single-threaded executor that can schedule commands
     * to run after a given delay, or to execute periodically.  (Note
     * however that if this single thread terminates due to a failure
     * during execution prior to shutdown, a new one will take its
     * place if needed to execute subsequent tasks.)  Tasks are
     * guaranteed to execute sequentially, and no more than one task
     * will be active at any given time. Unlike the otherwise
     * equivalent {@code newScheduledThreadPool(1, threadFactory)}
     * the returned executor is guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to
     * use additional threads.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when creating new
     * threads
     * @return a newly created scheduled executor
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new DelegatedScheduledExecutorService
            (new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, threadFactory));
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle
     * @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
     * given delay, or to execute periodically.
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
     * even if they are idle
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     * creates a new thread
     * @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
     * @throws NullPointerException if threadFactory is null
     */
    public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(
            int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize, threadFactory);
    }
}

二、线程池ThreadPoolExecutor类

在上述创建线程池的方法中基本上都用到了ThreadPoolExecutor类，这个类的七个参数详细如下：

   /**
     * Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
     * parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
     *        pool
     * @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
     *        the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
     *        will wait for new tasks before terminating.
     * @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
     * @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
     *        executed.  This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
     *        tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     *        creates a new thread
     * @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
     *        because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
     *         {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
     *         {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
     *         or {@code threadFactory} or {@code handler} is null
     */
    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                              int maximumPoolSize,
                              long keepAliveTime,
                              TimeUnit unit,
                              BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                              ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                              RejectedExecutionHandler handler)

从源码中可以看出，线程池的构造函数有7个参数，分别是corePoolSize、maximumPoolSize、keepAliveTime、unit、workQueue、threadFactory、handler。

1、corePoolSize 线程池核心线程大小

线程池中会维护一个最小的线程数量，即使这些线程处理空闲状态，他们也不会 被销毁，除非设置了allowCoreThreadTimeOut。这里的最小线程数量即是corePoolSize。

2、maximumPoolSize 线程池最大线程数量

一个任务被提交到线程池后，首先会缓存到工作队列（后面会介绍）中，如果工作队列满了，则会创建一个新线程，然后从工作队列中的取出一个任务交由新线程来处理，而将刚提交的任务放入工作队列。线程池不会无限制的去创建新线程，它会有一个最大线程数量的限制，这个数量即由maximunPoolSize来指定。

3、keepAliveTime 空闲线程存活时间

一个线程如果处于空闲状态，并且当前的线程数量大于corePoolSize，那么在指定时间后，这个空闲线程会被销毁，这里的指定时间由keepAliveTime来设定

4、unit 空间线程存活时间单位

keepAliveTime的计量单位

5、workQueue 工作队列

新任务被提交后，会先进入到此工作队列中，任务调度时再从队列中取出任务。jdk中提供了四种工作队列：

• ①ArrayBlockingQueue

基于数组的有界阻塞队列，按FIFO排序。新任务进来后，会放到该队列的队尾，有界的数组可以防止资源耗尽问题。当线程池中线程数量达到corePoolSize后，再有新任务进来，则会将任务放入该队列的队尾，等待被调度。如果队列已经是满的，则创建一个新线程，如果线程数量已经达到maxPoolSize，则会执行拒绝策略。

• ②LinkedBlockingQuene

基于链表的无界阻塞队列（其实最大容量为Interger.MAX），按照FIFO排序。由于该队列的近似无界性，当线程池中线程数量达到corePoolSize后，再有新任务进来，会一直存入该队列，而不会去创建新线程直到maxPoolSize，因此使用该工作队列时，参数maxPoolSize其实是不起作用的。

• ③SynchronousQuene

一个不缓存任务的阻塞队列，生产者放入一个任务必须等到消费者取出这个任务。也就是说新任务进来时，不会缓存，而是直接被调度执行该任务，如果没有可用线程，则创建新线程，如果线程数量达到maxPoolSize，则执行拒绝策略。

• ④PriorityBlockingQueue

具有优先级的无界阻塞队列，优先级通过参数Comparator实现。

6、threadFactory 线程工厂

创建一个新线程时使用的工厂，可以用来设定线程名、是否为daemon线程等等

7、handler 拒绝策略

当工作队列中的任务已到达最大限制，并且线程池中的线程数量也达到最大限制，这时如果有新任务提交进来，就会用到拒绝策略。

jdk中提供了4中拒绝策略：

• 调用者线程中直接执行:CallerRunsPolicy

    public static class CallerRunsPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {

        public CallerRunsPolicy() { }

        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            if (!e.isShutdown()) {
                r.run();
            }
        }
    }

• 抛出拒绝执行异常：AbortPolicy

public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {

        public AbortPolicy() { }

        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
                                                 " rejected from " +
                                                 e.toString());
        }
    }

• 直接丢弃任务(什么都不做): DiscardPolicy

public static class DiscardPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {

        public DiscardPolicy() { }

        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
        }
    }

• 丢弃最早任务策略：DiscardOldestPolicy

抛弃进入队列最早的那个任务，然后尝试把这次拒绝的任务放入队列

public static class DiscardOldestPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {

        public DiscardOldestPolicy() { }

        public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
            if (!e.isShutdown()) {
                e.getQueue().poll();
                e.execute(r);
            }
        }
    }

默认的拒绝策略是：

private static final RejectedExecutionHandler defaultHandler = new AbortPolicy();