再读OpenGL红宝书(1-8章)【续】

26）光照模型有4部分：全局环境光，近视点或远视点，双面光照，镜面反射颜色是否和环境颜色，散射颜色分开。要指定全局环境光，可以如下:

GLfloat ambient[] = {0.3,0.3,0.3,1.0};glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT,ambient);

顶点的镜面反射亮度取决于该点的法线，顶点相对于光源的方向以及顶点相对于视点的方向。要使用近视点，可以这样：glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER,GL_TRUE);这就将视点放置在(0,0,0)处. glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_TWO_SIDE,GL_TRUE)启用双面光照。典型的光照计算中，分别计算环境光，散射光，镜面反射光和发射光的贡献，然后进行叠加，而在这之后进行纹理映射的话，镜面反射区可能被覆盖，为了解决这个问题，可以glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_COLOR_CONTROL,GL_SEPARATE_SPECULAR_COLOR); 这样，每个顶点光照计算将产生两种颜色，主颜色和辅助颜色，前者包含所以非镜面反射光照的贡献，后者是所以镜面反射光照的总贡献。纹理映射的时候只将主颜色和纹理颜色混合起来，执行万纹理映射后，再将主颜色和纹理颜色的混合结果与辅助颜色混合起来。

27) 不同材质属性的示例：

<!--<br><br>Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br>http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br><br>--> void init( void )
{
GLfloatambient[] = { 1.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 , 1.0 };
GLfloatdiffuse[] = { 1.0 , 1.0 , 1.0 , 1.0 };
GLfloatspecular[] = { 1.0 , 1.0 , 1.0 , 1.0 };
GLfloatposition[] = { 0.0 , 3.0 , 2.0 , 0.0 };
GLfloatlmodel_ambient[] = { 0.4 , 0.4 , 0.4 , 1.0 };
GLfloatlocal_view[] = { 0.0 };

glClearColor( 0.0 , 0.1 , 0.1 , 0.0 );
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_AMBIENT,ambient);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_DIFFUSE,diffuse);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,position);
glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT,lmodel_ambient);
glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_LOCAL_VIEWER,local_view);

glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
}

void display( void )
{
GLfloatno_mat[] = { 0.0 , 0.0 , 0.0 , 1.0 };
GLfloatmat_ambient[] = { 0.7 , 0.7 , 0.7 , 1.0 };
GLfloatmat_ambient_color[] = { 0.8 , 0.8 , 0.2 , 1.0 };
GLfloatmat_diffuse[] = { 0.1 , 0.5 , 0.8 , 1.0 };
GLfloatmat_specular[] = { 1.0 , 1.0 , 1.0 , 1.0 };
GLfloatno_shininess[] = { 0.0 };
GLfloatlow_shininess[] = { 5.0 };
GLfloathigh_shininess[] = { 100.0 };
GLfloatmat_emission[] = { 0.3 , 0.2 , 0.2 , 0.0 };

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

/* drawsphereinfirstrow,firstcolumn
*diffusereflectiononly;noambientorspecular
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( - 3.75 , 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinfirstrow,secondcolumn
*diffuseandspecularreflection;lowshininess;noambient
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( - 1.25 , 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,low_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinfirstrow,thirdcolumn
*diffuseandspecularreflection;highshininess;noambient
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( 1.25 , 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,high_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinfirstrow,fourthcolumn
*diffusereflection;emission;noambientorspecularreflection
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( 3.75 , 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,mat_emission);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinsecondrow,firstcolumn
*ambientanddiffusereflection;nospecular
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( - 3.75 , 0.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinsecondrow,secondcolumn
*ambient,diffuseandspecularreflection;lowshininess
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( - 1.25 , 0.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,low_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinsecondrow,thirdcolumn
*ambient,diffuseandspecularreflection;highshininess
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( 1.25 , 0.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,high_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinsecondrow,fourthcolumn
*ambientanddiffusereflection;emission;nospecular
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( 3.75 , 0.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,mat_emission);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinthirdrow,firstcolumn
*coloredambientanddiffusereflection;nospecular
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( - 3.75 , - 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinthirdrow,secondcolumn
*coloredambient,diffuseandspecularreflection;lowshininess
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( - 1.25 , - 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,low_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinthirdrow,thirdcolumn
*coloredambient,diffuseandspecularreflection;highshininess
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( 1.25 , - 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat_specular);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,high_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,no_mat);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

/* drawsphereinthirdrow,fourthcolumn
*coloredambientanddiffusereflection;emission;nospecular
*/
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef( 3.75 , - 3.0 , 0.0 );
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat_ambient_color);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat_diffuse);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,no_mat);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS,no_shininess);
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_EMISSION,mat_emission);
glutSolidSphere( 1.0 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();

glFlush();
}

28）颜色材质模式，

glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE);glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);这将导致正面的DIFFUSE总是设置为当前颜色

29）混合时，首先指定源因子和目标因子，然后按照公式进行混合（默认的操作是相加），设置因子有两种方式：glBlenFunc()和glBlendFuncSeparate()（它可以指定4个因子，即可以使用不同的方式来混合RGB和alpha值）。除了默认的加法外，还可以使用glBlendEquation()来指定其他的混合方式（如减法等）。

30） 启用反走样功能：glEnable(GL_POINT_SMOOTH)或glEnable (GL_LINE_SMOOTH);glEnable (GL_BLEND);或者采用glHint（），例如：

glEnable (GL_LINE_SMOOTH);

glEnable (GL_BLEND);

glBlendFunc (GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);

glHint (GL_LINE_SMOOTH_HINT, GL_DONT_CARE);

31）雾的效果示例：

<!--<br><br>Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br>http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br><br>--> static GLintfogMode;

/* Initializedepthbuffer,fog,lightsource,
*materialproperty,andlightingmodel.
*/
static void init( void )
{
GLfloatposition[] = { 0.5 , 0.5 , 3.0 , 0.0 };

glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION,position);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
{
GLfloatmat[ 3 ] = { 0.1745 , 0.01175 , 0.01175 };
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_AMBIENT,mat);
mat[ 0 ] = 0.61424 ;mat[ 1 ] = 0.04136 ;mat[ 2 ] = 0.04136 ;
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_DIFFUSE,mat);
mat[ 0 ] = 0.727811 ;mat[ 1 ] = 0.626959 ;mat[ 2 ] = 0.626959 ;
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT,GL_SPECULAR,mat);
glMaterialf(GL_FRONT,GL_SHININESS, 0.6 * 128.0 );
}

glEnable(GL_FOG);
{
GLfloatfogColor[ 4 ] = { 0.5 , 0.5 , 0.5 , 1.0 };

fogMode = GL_EXP;
glFogi(GL_FOG_MODE,fogMode);
glFogfv(GL_FOG_COLOR,fogColor);
glFogf(GL_FOG_DENSITY, 0.35 );
glHint(GL_FOG_HINT,GL_DONT_CARE);
glFogf(GL_FOG_START, 1.0 );
glFogf(GL_FOG_END, 5.0 );
}
glClearColor( 0.5 , 0.5 , 0.5 , 1.0 ); /* fogcolor */
}

static void renderSphere(GLfloatx,GLfloaty,GLfloatz)
{
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(x,y,z);
glutSolidSphere( 0.4 , 16 , 16 );
glPopMatrix();
}

/* display()draws5spheresatdifferentzpositions.
*/
void display( void )
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
renderSphere( - 2 ., - 0.5 , - 1.0 );
renderSphere( - 1 ., - 0.5 , - 2.0 );
renderSphere( 0 ., - 0.5 , - 3.0 );
renderSphere( 1 ., - 0.5 , - 4.0 );
renderSphere( 2 ., - 0.5 , - 5.0 );
glFlush();
}