《Python编程：从入门到实践》[3]

####1.类

#定义类
class Dog():
	def __init__(self, name, age):
		self.name = name
		self.age = age 
		
	def sit(self):
		print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.") 

my_dog = Dog('willie',6)  #创建实例
my_dog.name  #访问属性
my_dog.sit()  #调用方法

#继承  电动车类继承车类
class ElectricCar(Car):
	def __init__(self, make, model, year):
		super().__init__(make, model, year)

#将实例用作属性   (A类里面声明了一个B类的对象，类似)
class Car():
	--snip--
	
class Battery():
	def __init__(self, battery_size=70):
		self.battery_size = battery_size 
		
	def describe_battery(self):
		print("This car has a " + str(self.battery_size) + "-kWh battery.") 
	
class ElectricCar(Car):
	def __init__(self, make, model, year):
		super().__init__(make, model,year)
		self.battery = Battery()

from car import Car  #从car.py模块导入Car类
from car import Car, ElectricCar  #从一个模块导入多个类
import car  #导入整个模块
from module_name import *    #导入模块中的所有类

####2.文件和异常

#读取pi_digits.txt文件，并打印其内容
with open('pi_digits.txt') as file_object:
	contents = file_object.read()
	print(contents)

#逐行读取
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'

with open(filename) as file_object:
	for line in file_object:
		print(line)

#写入空文件  没有则创建文件；有则先清空在写入(w方式)  附加到文件内容末尾(a方式)
filename = 'programming.txt'

with open(filename, 'w') as file_object:
	file_object.write("I love programming.")

• ZeroDivisionError 被除数为0异常
• FileNotFoundError 文件为找到异常
• try-except
• split() 方法分割一个字符串，返回一个列表 (类似分割字符串返回一个数组)

#json.dump() 存储数据
import json

numbers = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13] 

filename = 'numbers.json'
with open(filename, 'w') as f_obj:
	json.dump(numbers, f_obj)

#json.load() 读取数据
import json

filename = 'username.json'
with open(filename) as f_obj:
	username = json.load(f_obj)
	print("Welcome back, " + username + "!")

####3.测试代码

import unittest
from name_function import get_formatted_name

assertEqual(a,b)
assertNotEqual(a,b)
assertTrue(x)
assertFalse(x)
assertIn(item,list)
assertNotIn(item,list)

#如果你在类中包含了setUp()方法，Python将先运行它，再运行各个以test_开头的方法