HSRI(Highway Safety Research Institute)轮胎模型

轮胎是驱动车辆行驶的重要部件,轮胎的好坏直接影响着车辆的综合性能,轮胎模型的好坏也直接影响着车辆性能的好坏。总的来说,轮胎的基本功用如下:

  • 轮胎起支撑整个车辆。
  • 减少和滤除路面激励传至车身的振动和冲击,提高乘客的乘坐舒适性。
  • 传递车辆驱动时的驱动力和车辆制动时的制动力,即纵向力。
  • 传递车辆转弯和紧急情况下的侧向力,确保车辆的正常转向和一定的侧向支撑力。

根据相关的研究可知,轮胎具有复杂的结构和多种复合的材料组成,因此可以说轮胎是一个具有非线性特性的复杂黏弹性体。因此,如何准确描述轮胎的动态力学特性对于建立车辆动力学模型有着极其重要的影响。

目前常用的轮胎模型较多,主要有郭孔辉院士的统一指数模型,魔术公式等等。郭院士提出了一种统一指数模型是一种基于大量实验结果总结出来的半经验模型,也可以叫 指数轮胎模型,可以用于分析轮胎的稳态侧偏、纵滑以及纵滑侧偏联合工况。若获得有效的滑移率,该模型也可进行非稳态工况下的轮胎纵向力、侧偏力以及回正力矩的计算,但是该方法对实际的数据要求较高,是一个经验模型,如果不经过大量的实验很难获得相关的数据参数,因此不适合仿真。另外的还有魔术轮胎,是由Pacejka教授提出来的,是至今应用最为广泛的轮胎模型之一。但是该模型计算量偏大,同时拟合的误差的灵敏性较高。

实际轮胎的纵向力、侧向力等等很难测量,又要求在控制系统中能够快速准确的计算。本文介绍了简单的HSRI(Highway Safety Research Institute)轮胎模型进行轮胎侧向力和纵向力的估算:

F x = λ 1- λ C x ( 1 H - 1 4 H 2 ) (1) {{F}_{x}}\text{=}\frac{\lambda }{\text{1-}\lambda }{{C}_{x}}\left( \frac{\text{1}}{H}\text{-}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{4}{{H}^{\text{2}}}} \right)\tag{1} Fx=1-λλCx(H1-4H21)(1)

F y = 1 1- λ C y ( 1 H - 1 4 H 2 ) tan ⁡ α (2) {{F}_{y}}\text{=}\frac{1}{\text{1-}\lambda }{{C}_{y}}\left( \frac{\text{1}}{H}\text{-}\frac{\text{1}}{\text{4}{{H}^{\text{2}}}} \right)\tan \alpha \tag{2} Fy=1-λ1Cy(H1-4H21)tanα(2)

H = [ { λ 1 − λ ⋅ C x μ F N } 2 + { 1 1 - λ ⋅ C y μ F N ⋅ tan ⁡ α } 2 ] 0.5 (3) H={{\left[ {{\left\{ \frac{\lambda }{1-\lambda }\centerdot \frac{{{C}_{x}}}{\mu {{F}_{N}}} \right\}}^{2}}\text{+}{{\left\{ \frac{1}{1\text{-}\lambda }\centerdot \frac{{{C}_{y}}}{\mu {{F}_{N}}}\centerdot \tan \alpha \right\}}^{2}} \right]}^{0.5}}\tag{3} H=[{1λλμFNCx}2+{1-λ1μFNCytanα}2]0.5(3)

联立式1和式2可以得到轮胎的侧向力和纵向力关系如4所示如下:
F y = C y tan ⁡ α C x λ F x (4) {{F}_{y}}\text{=}\frac{{{C}_{y}}\tan \alpha }{{{C}_{x}}\lambda }{{F}_{x}}\tag{4} Fy=CxλCytanαFx(4)

上述式子中, F N {{F}_{N}} FN为轮胎的法向力, μ \mu μ为轮胎与路面之间的最大的附着系数 C x {{C}_{x}} Cx为轮胎滑移刚度, C y {{C}_{y}} Cy为轮胎侧偏刚度, λ \lambda λ为轮胎的滑移率, α \alpha α为轮胎的侧偏角。

上式所表示的轮胎的公式适用于路面附着系数的线性区域和非线性区域,侧向力与纵向力之间的关系如式4,轮胎的侧滑能力与侧偏刚度是由轮胎的结构和材料决定的,由于在估计算法中只使用了侧向刚度与纵向刚度的比值,所以环境的不同造成的轮胎的不同特性以及轮胎的磨损程度对侧向刚度与纵向刚度上的比值的大小影响较小,因此具有较好的鲁棒性和自适应能力。当轮胎侧偏角较小时,为便于计算可以近似地认为 tan ⁡ α = α \tan\alpha=\alpha tanα=α

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