python基础知识（四）

函数

基本形式:
def greet():
    print("hello")
greet()
#输出结果:hello

传递参数:
def greet(name):
    print("hello " + name)
greet("xiao ming")
#输出结果:hello xiao ming

形参与实参:
形参是函数参数列表中声明的参数
实参是实际传递的参数

位置实参
按位置传递参数:
def greet(name, msg):
    print(name + " says " + msg)
greet("xiao ming", "Hello Python")
#输出结果:xiao ming says Hello Python

关键字实参:
def greet(name, msg):
    print(name + " says " + msg)
greet(name="xiao ming", msg="Hello Python")
#输出结果:xiao ming says Hello Python

默认值
默认值必须放在参数列表中的最后
def greet(msg, name="xiao ming"):
    print(name + " says " + msg)
greet("Hello Python")

返回值
def greetWords(msg, name="xiao ming"):
    return name + " says " + msg
print(greetWords("Hello"))
#输出结果:xiao ming says Hello

返回字典
def debugInfo():
    return {'debug_level':'info', 'msg':'file not found'}
print(debugInfo())
#输出结果:{'debug_level': 'info', 'msg': 'file not found'}

传递列表
在函数中可以修改列表的值:
def modify(names):
    names[0] = 'xiao ming'
names = ['Lily', 'Mick']
modify(names)
print(names)
#输出结果:['xiao ming', 'Mick']

禁止修改列表:
def modify(names):
    names[0] = 'xiao ming'
names = ['Lily', 'Mick']
modify(names[:])
print(names)
#输出结果:['Lily', 'Mick']

变参函数
def output(*names):
    print(names)
    for name in names:
        print(name)
output('Lily', 'Mick')

使用任意数量的实参
def print_debuginfo(**debug_info):
    for key,value in debug_info.items():
        print(key + ":" + value)
print_debuginfo(level='debug', msg='file not found')
#输出结果:
level:debug
msg:file not found

将函数存储在模块中
导入整个模块
文件名即为模块
import module_name
使用时用点访问函数名字
module_name.function_name

导入特定函数
单个函数
from module_name import function_name
多个函数用逗号隔开
from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_2

as给函数指定别名
from module_name import function_name as other_function_name

导入模块中所有函数
from module import *
直接使用函数,无需指定模块名字

类

class Dog():
    # 构造方法
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def sit(self):
        print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting.")
    def roll_over(self):
        print(self.name.title() + " rolled over!")

创建实例        
my_dog = Dog('willie', 6)
访问属性
print("My dog's name is " + my_dog.name.title() + ".") 
调用方法
my_dog.sit()

继承
class FlyDog(Dog): #括号中指定基类
    def __init__(self, name, age, mile):
        super().__init__(name, age)  # 用super()指定基类
        self.mile = mile
    # 重写父类方法    
    def sit(self):
        print(self.name.title() + " is now sitting in the air")
my_dog = FlyDog('willie', 6, 10)
my_dog.sit()

导入类
导入单个类
创建一个包含Car类的模块,命名为car.py,另一个包导入它:
from car import Car

导入多个类
from module import Class1 Class2

导入整个模块
import car
使用时需要指定car
car.ClassName

导入所有类
from module_name import *
使用时无需指定模块名

文件和异常

读文件

读取整个文件:
with open('hello.py') as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()
    print(contents)
关键字with在不需要访问文件后将其关闭。

逐行读取
with open('hello.py') as file_object:
    for line in file_object:
        print(line)

读取到列表
with open('hello.py') as file_object:
    lines = file_object.readlines()
for line in lines:
    print(line)

写文件
with open('hello.txt', 'w') as file_object:
    file_object.write('Hello Python')

附加到文件
with open('hello.txt', 'a') as file_object:
    file_object.write('Hello Go')

异常
try:
    print(1/0)
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")

使用else
try:
    print(3/2)
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")
else:
    print('ok')

使用pass
try:
    print(3/2)
except ZeroDivisionError:
    pass
else:
    print('ok')

处理json

import json
data = {'debug_level': 'info', 'msg':'file not found'}
file_name = 'test.jon'
with open(file_name, 'w') as f_obj:
    json.dump(data, f_obj)
with open(file_name) as f_obj:
    data = json.load(f_obj)
    print(data)