C++ Primer （第五版）-第五章 语句

一、概述

二、内容

5.1、简单语句

5.2、语句作用域

5.3条件语句

else if嵌套
花括号

#include <iostream>
using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl;

int main()
{
    // initialize counters for each vowel
    unsigned aCnt = 0, eCnt = 0, iCnt = 0, oCnt = 0, uCnt = 0;

    char ch;
    while (cin >> ch) {
    	// if ch is a vowel, increment the appropriate counter
    	switch (ch) {
    		case 'a':
    			++aCnt;
    			break;
    		case 'e':
    			++eCnt;
    			break;
    		case 'i':
    			++iCnt;
    			break;
    		case 'o':
    			++oCnt;
    			break;
    		case 'u':
    			++uCnt;
    			break;
    	}
    }
    // print results
    cout << "Number of vowel a: \t" << aCnt << '\n'
         << "Number of vowel e: \t" << eCnt << '\n'
         << "Number of vowel i: \t" << iCnt << '\n'
         << "Number of vowel o: \t" << oCnt << '\n'
         << "Number of vowel u: \t" << uCnt << endl;

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl;

int main()
{
    char ch;
    // initialize counters for each vowel
    unsigned vowelCnt = 0;
    unsigned otherCnt = 0;  // count anything that isn't a vowel

    while (cin >> ch) {
        // if ch is a vowel, increment the appropriate counter
        switch (ch) {
			case 'a': case 'e': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u':
				++vowelCnt;
				break;
            default:
                ++otherCnt;
                break;
        }
    }
    // print results
    cout << "Number of vowels: \t" << vowelCnt << '\n'
         << "Total non-vowels : \t" << otherCnt << '\n';

    return 0;
}

多行独立变量需要加大括号；

5.4、迭代语句

#include "Version_test.h"

#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;

#include <vector>
using std::vector;

#include <string>
using std::string;

#ifndef LIST_INIT
#include <iterator>
using std::begin; using std::end;
#endif

int main()
{
	vector<int> ivec;
#ifdef LIST_INIT
	vector<int> v = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
#else
	int temp[] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};
	vector<int> v(begin(temp), end(temp));
#endif

	// range variable must be a reference so we can write to the elements
	for (auto &r : v)   // for each element in v
		r *= 2;         // double the value of each element in v
	
	// print every element in v
	for (int r : v)
		cout << r << " "; // print the elements in v
	cout << endl;

	return 0;
}

#include "Version_test.h"

#include <iostream>
using std::endl; using std::cin; using std::cout;

#include <vector>
using std::vector;

#include <string>
using std::string;

#ifndef LIST_INIT
#include <iterator>
using std::begin; using std::end;
#endif

#ifdef LIST_INIT
const vector<string> scores = {"F", "D", "C", "B", "A", "A++"};
#else
// in this program just use an array instead of a vector,
// we only use scores to fetch values so don't need the flexibility of a vector
const string scores[] = {"F", "D", "C", "B", "A", "A++"};
#endif
vector<unsigned> grades;

// these functions demonstrate alternative ways to handle the if tests
// function that takes an unsigned value and a string 
// and returns a string
string goodVers(string lettergrade, unsigned grade)
{
	// add a plus for grades the end in 8 or 9 and a minus for those ending in 0, 1, or 2
	if (grade % 10 > 7)
		lettergrade += '+';	   // grades ending in 8 or 9 get a '+'
	else 
		if (grade % 10 < 3)
			lettergrade += '-';   // those ending in 0, 1, or 2 get a '-'
	return lettergrade;
}

// incorrect version of the function to add a plus or minus to a grade
string badVers(string lettergrade, unsigned grade)
{
	// add a plus for grades the end in 8 or 9 and a minus for those ending in 0, 1, or 2
	// WRONG: execution does NOT match indentation; the else goes with the inner if
	if (grade % 10 >= 3) 
		if (grade % 10 > 7) 
			lettergrade += '+';  // grades ending in 8 or 9 get a +
	else
		lettergrade += '-'; // grades ending in 3, 4, 5, 6 will get a minus!
	return lettergrade;
}

// corrected version using the same logic path as badVers
string rightVers(string lettergrade, unsigned grade)
{
	// add a plus for grades that end in 8 or 9 and a minus for those ending in 0, 1, or 2
	if (grade % 10 >= 3) {
		if (grade % 10 > 7) 
			lettergrade += '+';  // grades ending in 8 or 9 get a +
	} else                  // curlies force the else to go with the outer if
		lettergrade += '-'; // grades ending in 0, 1, or 2 will get a minus
	return lettergrade;
}

int main()
{
	// read a set of scores from the input
	unsigned grade;
	while (cin >> grade) 
		grades.push_back(grade);

	// now process those grades
	for (auto it : grades) {   // for each grade we read
		cout << it << " " ;    // print the grade
		string lettergrade;    // hold coresponding letter grade
		// if failing grade, no need to check for a plus or minus
		if (it < 60)
			lettergrade = scores[0];
		else {
			lettergrade = scores[(it - 50)/10];  // fetch the letter grade
			if (it != 100)  // add plus or minus only if not already an A++
				if (it % 10 > 7)
					lettergrade += '+';   // grades ending in 8 or 9 get a +
				else if (it % 10 < 3)
					lettergrade += '-';   // grades ending in 0, 1, or 2 get a -
		}
		cout << lettergrade << endl;
		if (it > 59 && it !=100) {
			cout << "alternative versions: " << it << " ";
			// start over with just the basic grade, no + or -
			lettergrade = scores[(it - 50)/10];
			cout << goodVers(lettergrade, it) << " ";
			cout << badVers(lettergrade, it) << " ";
			cout << rightVers(lettergrade, it) << " ";
			cout << endl;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl;

#include <string>
using std::string;

int main()
{
    // repeatedly ask the user for a pair of numbers to sum
    string rsp;  // used in the condition; can't be defined inside the do

    do {
        cout << "please enter two values: ";
        int val1 = 0, val2 = 0;
        cin  >> val1 >> val2;
        cout << "The sum of " << val1 << " and " << val2
             << " = " << val1 + val2 << "\n\n"
             << "More? Enter yes or no: ";
        cin  >> rsp;
    } while (!rsp.empty() && rsp[0] != 'n');

	cout << endl;

	return 0;
}

5.5、跳转语句

#include <iostream>
using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl;

int main()
{
	do {
		cout << "Guess a number between 0 and 9" << endl;
		unsigned i, mynum = 7;
		cin >> i;

		if (i == mynum) {
			cout << "Congrats you guessed right!" << endl;
			break;
		} else
			if (i < mynum)
				cout << "too low" << endl;
			else
				cout << "too high" << endl;

		if (i != mynum)
			if (i < mynum)
				cout << "too low" << endl;
			else
				cout << "too high" << endl;
		else {
			cout << "Congrats you guessed right!" << endl;
			break;
		}
	} while (true);
	
	return 0;
}

5.6 Try语句块和异常处理

#include <stdexcept>
using std::runtime_error;

#include <iostream>
using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl;

#include "Sales_item.h"

int main() 
{
	Sales_item item1, item2;
	
	while (cin >> item1 >> item2) {
	    try {
	        // execute code that will add the two Sales_items
	        // if the addition fails, the code throws a runtime_error exception
	        // first check that the data are for the same item 
	        if (item1.isbn() != item2.isbn())
	            throw runtime_error("Data must refer to same ISBN");
	
	        // if we're still here, the ISBNs are the same
	        cout << item1 + item2 << endl;
	    } catch (runtime_error err) {
	        // remind the user that the ISBNs must match 
			// and prompt for another pair
	        cout << err.what() 
	             << "\nTry Again?  Enter y or n" << endl;
	        char c;
	        cin >> c;
	        if (!cin || c == 'n')
	            break;      // break out of the while loop
	    }  // ends the catch clause
	}  // ends the while loop
	
	return 0;   // indicate success
}

5.7、小结

5.8、术语表