[数学]三角函数

三角函数

I 基本性质

(i) 对积

$$\begin{array}{r}\sin x\csc x=1\\ \cos x\sec x=1\\ \tan x\cot x=1\end{array}$$

(ii) 夹积

$$\begin{array}{rl}\tan x\cos x& =\sin x\\ \sin x\cot x& =\cos x\\ \cos x\csc x& =\cot x\\ \cot x\sec x& =\csc x\\ \tan x\csc x& =\sec x\\ \sin x\sec x& =\tan x\end{array}$$

(iii) 平方和

$$\begin{array}{r}{\sin }^{2}x+{\cos }^{2}x=1\\ 1+{\cot }^{2}x={\csc }^{2}x\\ {\tan }^{2}x+1={\sec }^{2}x\end{array}$$

II 和积

(i) 加减

$$\begin{array}{rl}\sin (x\pm y)& =\sin x\cos y\pm \cos x\sin y\\ \cos (x\pm y)& =\cos x\cos y\mp \sin x\sin y\\ \tan (x\pm y)& =\frac{\tan x\pm \tan y}{1\mp \tan x\tan y}\end{array}$$

(ii) 和差化积

$$\begin{array}{rl}\sin x\pm \sin y& =2\sin (\frac{x\pm y}{2})\cos (\frac{x\mp y}{2})\\ \cos x+\cos y& =2\cos (\frac{x+y}{2})\cos (\frac{x-y}{2})\\ \cos x-\cos y& =-2\sin (\frac{x+y}{2})\sin (\frac{x-y}{2})\end{array}$$

(iii) 积化和差

$$\begin{array}{rl}\sin x\cos y& =\frac{1}{2}[\sin (x-y)+\sin (x+y)]\\ \cos x\cos y& =\frac{1}{2}[\cos (x-y)+\cos (x+y)]\\ \sin x\sin y& =\frac{1}{2}[\cos (x-y)-\cos (x+y)]\end{array}$$

III 倍角

(i) 半角

$$\begin{array}{rlrlr}\sin (\frac{x}{2})& =\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos x}{2}}& & & \\ \cos (\frac{x}{2})& =\pm \sqrt{\frac{1+\cos x}{2}}& & & \\ \tan (\frac{x}{2})& =\pm \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos x}{1+\cos x}}& =\frac{\sin x}{1+\cos x}& =\frac{1-\cos x}{\sin x}& =\csc x-\cot x\end{array}$$

(ii) 二倍角

$$\begin{array}{rl}\sin 2x& =2\sin x\cos x\\ \cos 2x& ={\cos }^{2}x-{\sin }^{2}x=2{\cos }^{2}x-1=1-2{\sin }^{2}x\\ \tan 2x& =\frac{2\tan x}{1-{\tan }^{2}x}\end{array}$$

(iii) N倍角

将 $(\cos \theta +i\sin \theta {)}^n=\cos n\theta +i\sin n\theta$ 用二项式定理展开可得

$$\begin{array}{rl}\cos (n\theta )& =\sum _{i=0}^{\lfloor n/2\rfloor }(-1{)}^i{C}_n^{2i}{\cos }^{n-2i}\theta {\sin }^{2i}\theta \\ \sin (n\theta )& =\sum _{i=0}^{\lfloor (n-1)/2\rfloor }(-1{)}^i{C}_n^{2i+1}{\cos }^{n-2i-1}\theta {\sin }^{2i+1}\theta \end{array}$$

IV 万能

$$\begin{array}{rl}\sin x& =\frac{2u}{1+u^2}\\ \cos x& =\frac{1-u^2}{1+u^2}\\ \tan x& =\frac{2u}{1-u^2}\\ \text{d}x& =\frac{2}{1+u^2}\text{d}u\\ u& =\tan \frac{x}{2}\end{array}$$

V 级数

设$f(x)$在点$x=x_0$具有任意阶导数，则幂级数
$$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x-x_0{)}^n$$

称为$f(x)$在点$x_0$处的泰勒级数。
其中$x_0=0$时，级数
$$\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}{x}^n$$

称为麦克劳林级数。

$$\sin x=x-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^5}{5!}-\frac{x^7}{7!}+\cdots$$

$$\cos x=1-\frac{x^2}{2!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-\frac{x^6}{6!}+\cdots$$

$$\tan x=x+\frac{x^3}{3}+\frac{2x^5}{15}+\frac{17x^7}{315}+\cdots$$

$$\cot x=\frac{1}{x}-\frac{x}{3}-\frac{x^3}{45}-\frac{2x^5}{945}-\cdots$$

$$\sec x=1+\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{5x^4}{24}+\frac{61x^6}{720}+\cdots$$

$$\csc x=\frac{1}{x}+\frac{x}{6}+\frac{7x^3}{360}+\frac{31x^5}{15120}+\cdots$$

$$\arcsin x=x+\frac{1}{2}\frac{x^3}{3}+\frac{1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}\frac{x^5}{5}+\frac{1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}\frac{x^7}{7}+\cdots$$

$$\arctan x=\{\begin{array}{ll}x-\frac{x^3}{3}+\frac{x^5}{5}-\frac{x^7}{7}+\cdots & \text{if }\left|x\right|<1\\ \pm \frac{\pi }{2}-\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{3x^3}-\frac{1}{5x^5}+\cdots & +\text{if }x\ge 1,-\text{if }x\le -1\end{array}$$

对 $\frac{1}{1-x},(|x|<1)$ 做导数、定积分及换元等操作, 容易得到级数
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{1}{1-x}=1+x+x^2+x^3+\cdots \\ \frac{1}{1+x}=1-x+x^2-x^3+\cdots \\ \frac{1}{1-x^2}=1+x^2+x^4+x^6+\cdots \\ \frac{1}{1+x^2}=1-x^2+x^4-x^6+\cdots \\ \text{arth }x=x+\frac{x^3}{3}+\frac{x^5}{5}+\frac{x^7}{7}+\cdots \\ \arctan x=x-\frac{x^3}{3}+\frac{x^5}{5}-\frac{x^7}{7}+\cdots \\ \ln (1+x)=x-\frac{x^2}{2}+\frac{x^3}{3}-\frac{x^4}{4}+\cdots \end{gathered}$$

VI 微积分

(i) 导数

$$\begin{array}{rl}{\left(\sin x\right)}^{\prime }& =\cos x\\ {\left(\cos x\right)}^{\prime }& =-\sin x\\ {\left(\tan x\right)}^{\prime }& =\frac{1}{{\cos }^{2}x}={\sec }^{2}x\\ {\left(\cot x\right)}^{\prime }& =-\frac{1}{{\sin }^{2}x}=-{\csc }^{2}x\\ {\left(\sec x\right)}^{\prime }& =\frac{\sin x}{{\cos }^{2}x}=\sec x\tan x\\ {\left(\csc x\right)}^{\prime }& =-\frac{\cos x}{{\sin }^{2}x}=-\csc x\cot x\\ {\left(\arcsin x\right)}^{\prime }& =\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\\ {\left(\arccos x\right)}^{\prime }& =-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\\ {\left(\arctan x\right)}^{\prime }& =\frac{1}{1+x^2}\\ {\left(\text{arccot }x\right)}^{\prime }& =-\frac{1}{1+x^2}\\ {\left(\text{arcsec }x\right)}^{\prime }& =\frac{1}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}\\ {\left(\text{arccsc }x\right)}^{\prime }& =-\frac{1}{x\sqrt{x^2-1}}\end{array}$$

(ii) 不定积分

$$\begin{array}{rl}\int \sin x\text{d}x& =-\cos x+C\\ \int \cos x\text{d}x& =\sin x+C\\ \int \tan x\text{d}x& =-\ln \left|\cos x\right|+C\\ \int \cot x\text{d}x& =\ln \left|\sin x\right|+C\\ \int \sec x\text{d}x& =\ln \left|\sec x+\tan x\right|+C\\ \int \csc x\text{d}x& =\ln \left|\csc x-\cot x\right|+C\\ \int \arcsin \frac{x}{a}\text{d}x& =x\arcsin \frac{x}{a}+\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+C\\ \int \arccos \frac{x}{a}\text{d}x& =x\arccos \frac{x}{a}-\sqrt{a^2-x^2}+C\\ \int \arctan \frac{x}{a}\text{d}x& =x\arctan \frac{x}{a}-\frac{x}{2}\ln (a^2+x^2)+C\end{array}$$

VII 特殊角

角度	弧度	$\sin$	$\cos$	$\tan$	$\cot$	$\sec$	$\csc$
${0°}_{\pm 0}$	$0_{\pm 0}$	$0$	$1$	$0$	$\pm \infty$	$1$	$\pm \infty$
$15°$	$\frac{\pi }{12}$	$\frac{\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}$	$\frac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{2}}{4}$	$2-\sqrt{3}$	$2+\sqrt{3}$	$\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}$	$\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{2}$
$18°$	$\frac{\pi }{10}$	$\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{4}$	$\frac{\sqrt{10+2\sqrt{5}}}{4}$	$\sqrt{\frac{5-2\sqrt{5}}{5}}$	$\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}$	$\frac{\sqrt{50-10\sqrt{5}}}{5}$	$\sqrt{5}+1$
$22.5°$	$\frac{\pi }{8}$	$\frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}}}{2}$	$\frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}}{2}$	$\sqrt{2}-1$	$\sqrt{2}+1$	$\sqrt{4-2\sqrt{2}}$	$\sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}$
$30°$	$\frac{\pi }{6}$	$\frac{1}{2}$	$\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$	$\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$	$\sqrt{3}$	$\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}$	$2$
$36°$	$\frac{\pi }{5}$	$\frac{\sqrt{10-2\sqrt{5}}}{4}$	$\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{4}$	$\sqrt{5-2\sqrt{5}}$	$\sqrt{\frac{5+2\sqrt{5}}{5}}$	$\sqrt{5}-1$	$\sqrt{\frac{10+2\sqrt{5}}{5}}$
$45°$	$\frac{\pi }{4}$	$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$	$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$	$1$	$1$	$\sqrt{2}$	$\sqrt{2}$
$54°$	$\frac{3\pi }{10}$	$\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{4}$	$\frac{\sqrt{10-2\sqrt{5}}}{4}$	$\sqrt{\frac{5+2\sqrt{5}}{5}}$	$\sqrt{5-2\sqrt{5}}$	$\frac{10+2\sqrt{5}}{5}$	$\sqrt{5}-1$
$60°$	$\frac{\pi }{3}$	$\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$	$\frac{1}{2}$	$\sqrt{3}$	$\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$	$2$	$\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}$
$67.5°$	$\frac{3\pi }{8}$	$\frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}}{2}$	$\frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}}}{2}$	$\sqrt{2}+1$	$\sqrt{2}-1$	$\sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}}$	$\sqrt{4-2\sqrt{2}}$
$72°$	$\frac{2\pi }{5}$	$\frac{\sqrt{10+2\sqrt{5}}}{4}$	$\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{4}$	$\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}$	$\sqrt{\frac{5-2\sqrt{5}}{5}}$	$\sqrt{5}+1$	$\frac{\sqrt{50-10\sqrt{5}}}{5}$
$75°$	$\frac{5\pi }{12}$	$\frac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{2}}{4}$	$\frac{\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}$	$2+\sqrt{3}$	$2-\sqrt{3}$	$\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{2}$	$\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}$
${90°}_{\pm 0}$	${\frac{\pi }{2}}_{\pm 0}$	$1$	$0$	$\mp \infty$	$0$	$\mp \infty$	$1$

VIII 诱导

$$\begin{array}{rlrl}\sin (x+2k\pi )& =-\sin (-x)& =-\sin (x\pm \pi )& =\mp \cos (x\pm \frac{1}{2}\pi )\\ \cos (x+2k\pi )& =\cos (-x)& =-\cos (x\pm \pi )& =\pm \sin (x\pm \frac{1}{2}\pi )\\ \tan (x+k\pi )& =-\tan (-x)& & =-\cot (x\pm \frac{1}{2}\pi )\\ \cot (x+k\pi )& =-\cot (-x)& & =-\tan (x\pm \frac{1}{2}\pi )\\ \sec (x+2k\pi )& =\sec (-x)& =-\sec (x\pm \pi )& =\pm \csc (x\pm \frac{1}{2}\pi )\\ \csc (x+2k\pi )& =-\csc (-x)& =-\csc (x\pm \pi )& =\mp \sec (x\pm \frac{1}{2}\pi )\end{array}$$

IX 反函数

(i) 余角

$$\begin{array}{rl}\arcsin x+\arccos x& =\frac{\pi }{2}\\ \arctan x+\text{arccot }x& =\frac{\pi }{2}\\ \text{arcsec }x+\text{arccsc }x& =\frac{\pi }{2}\end{array}$$

(ii) 负数

$$\begin{array}{rl}\arcsin x+\arcsin (-x)& =0\\ \arccos x+\arccos (-x)& =\pi \\ \text{arcsec }x+\text{arcsec }(-x)& =\pi \\ \text{arccsc }x+\text{arccsc }(-x)& =0\end{array}$$

(iii) 倒数

$$\begin{array}{rl}\arcsin x& =\text{arccsc }\frac{1}{x}\\ \arccos x& =\text{arcsec }\frac{1}{x}\\ \arctan x& =\text{arccot }\frac{1}{x}\end{array}$$