财务分析笔记 Notes for Accounting I

by Feiran Jia

1 Introduction

Accounting Information

• Financial Accounting: External reporting 证交所能看到，公司网页也能看到
• Managerial Accounting: Internal ( budget, CVP 本量利)
• Tax: Rev\Exp 折旧 被确认

Characteristics of External Financial Reported Information

• Historical in Nature
• Approximate Measures
• Explanation 远多于报表

Introduction to Financial Statements

1. Balance Sheet 资产负债表： 描述某一特定时点企业财务状况的财务报表
2. Income Statement 利润表：某一特定时期收入和费用的经营活动报表。
3. Statement of Cash Flows 现金流量表：某一特定时期现金的变化方式

Bussiness Entity 企业主体是从事可明确的经营活动的经济单位。

Statement Of Financial Position

1. Assets are economic resources that are owned by the business and are expected to benefit future operations.

   cost pricinple:

   1. Assets should be recorded at their cost

2. Liabilities are debts that represent negative future cash flows for the enterprise.

3. Owners’ equity represents the owners’ claims on the assets of the business.

会计等式

Income Statement

• Investments by and payments to the owners are not included on the Income Statement.

Statement of Cash Flows

2 The Accounting Cycle

• Journalize transactions
• Posting
• Prepare a trial balance
• Adjusting
• Prepare an adjusted trial balance
• Preparing financial statements,
• Closing entries
• Prepare after-closing trial balance

Double-entry system 复式记账

增加

Assets = Liabilities + Common stock +R.E - Dividends + Revenue - Expenses

Dr. Cr. Cr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr.

在记录任何交易时必须同时在借方和贷方进行记录

JOURNALS 日记账

1. Transaction dates
2. Account titles
3. References
4. Two amount columns

THE ACCOUNT 账户

T-Account

• If the greater sum is on the left, the account has a Debit Balance
• If the greater sum is on the right, the account has a Credit Balance

The Ledger 分类账

• The general ledger contains all the assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity accounts for a given company

Individual Assets	Individual liabilities	Individual Stockholders’ Equity
Equipment	Interest Payable	Salaries Payable
Land	Salaries Payable	Fees Earned
Supplies	Accounts Payable	Common Stock
Cash	Notes Payable	Retained Earnings

POSTING

Posting is the process of trans