复习投资学写的笔记,有些地方直接翻译的,可能一些翻译不是很对
投资公司
- Managed investment companies
- 开放式Open-end funds: mutual funds 共同基金:以净值发行赎回份额
- 封闭式Closed-end funds:不能赎回,交易价格不同于资产净值
其他投资组织
- REITS,房地产投资信托
- 对冲基金
投资公司
- 金融中介从个人投资者收集资金并将这些资金投资于各种证券
- 为其投资者执行若干功能:
- 管理和记录保存
- 分散风险
- 专业资金管理
- 降低交易成本
净资产值 Net Asset Value
投资者购买投资公司份额,每股份额称为
净资产值(NAV,资产净值)
它用于
1. 投资公司股票估值的基础
2. 出售新股
3. 赎回现有股份
2. 出售新股
3. 赎回现有股份
计算:
资产净值 NAV=(资产的市场价值 Maket Value of Assets - 负债 Liabilities) / Shares Outstanding 已发行股数
Load 申购费,赎回费:共同基金的营业佣金
开放式基金和封闭式基金的主要区别
开放式
- 由基金公司卖出或赎回,是基金公司和投资者之间的交易
- 定价:以资产净值(NAV)出售
- 已发行股份:新股销售或旧股赎回时的变动
- 赎回或发行依靠净资产值
- 拥有可变数量的股份
封闭式
- 股票在市场上投资者买卖,基金本身不涉及
- 定价:以premium (补偿) 或折扣价格的净资产值出售
- 已发行股份:除非提供新股,否则无变动
- 被出售给有组织的交易所的其他投资者
- 有固定数量的股份
其他投资机构
房地产投资信托基金(REITs)
- 类似于封闭式基金,投资于房地产或房地产贷款
- 由银行,保险公司或抵押公司成立
- Equity trust 股权信托:直接投资房地产
- Mortgage trust 债权信托:主要投资于抵押贷款和建筑贷款
对冲基金
- Private speculative investment pool, exempt from SEC
- Can only accept funds from certain classes of (presumably) informed investors
- 少量的信息披露 Little information disclosure
- 锁定期 Lock-up period
- 管理费 Management fee + 奖励飞incentive fees
- 大杠杆 Typically heavily leveraged
- Attempt to exploit temporary anomalies in security valuations
共同基金
共同基金 - “资产管理公司”
- 人们汇集他们的金融资产:规模经济
- 低成本多元化
- 一般来说全面多元化意味着至少有20家低关联企业
- 很难实现小储户
- 佣金,其他交易费用,使全面的多元化成本过高
- 国际投资,特别是在新兴市场,对于没有共同基金的大多数储户几乎是不可能的
- 低成本的投资专长
- 规模经济:证券分析成本分散:
- 信息问题:对于小储户来说,学习基本的东西
类别
- Money market funds 货币市场基金: Commercial paper 商业票据,T-bills,CDs等
- Equity funds股权基金
- 投资股票
- Growth Funds 增长基金: 试图投资高增长的公司,理论上可以提供高回报
- Value or Income Funds 价值或收入基金: 试图投资于支付高额红利的公司, 通常在成熟行业,不被视为“成长型”企业
- Specialized sector funds 特定行业基金
- 专注于特定行业,特定国家,具体风险类别等。
- Bond funds 债券基金: 固定收益(债券)
- International funds
- 全球证券,美国内
- 美国境外投资
- Reginal funds 区域基金专注于世界的特定区域
- Emerging market funds 新兴市场基金投资发展中国家
- Balanced funds 平衡式基金
- 持股比例固定的equities和fixed-income securities
- Life-cycle funds 生命周期基金:资产组合范围从侵略性到保守
- 静态分配资金在股票和债券之间保持稳定的组合
- 有针对性的成熟基金在投资者年龄变得更加保守
- Funds of funds :主要投资于其他共同基金的共同基金
- Asset allocation and flexible funds
- proportion varies according to market forecast
- Index funds
- Try to match performance of broad market index 尝试匹配广泛市场指数的表现
- Buy shares in securities included in particular index in proportion to security’s representation in index 复制了某些指数的比例标准
- Try to match performance of broad market index 尝试匹配广泛市场指数的表现
Who invests in Mutual funds?
- Retail: Individuals, small institutions
- Retirement accounts through employers 退休金账户
- Rainy day savings, college
- Church endowments, cemetery funds, etc.
- Wholesale: Other institutional asset managers, e.g.,
- Pension funds (other retirement money, more later)
- Insurance companies
- Large endowments (捐赠)
COSTS OF INVESTING IN MUTUAL FUNDS
Fee Structure
- Front-end load: commission or sales charge paid when you purchases the shares
- Pay the brokers
- no-load funds
- Low-load funds: range up to 3%
- Others could up to 8.5%
- Back-end load: redemption or exit fee incurred when you sell your shares当卖出份额
- Start from 5-6% and reduce them by 1% for every year the funds are left invested
- e.g. An exit fee that starts at 6% would fall to 4% by the start of your third year
- Operating expenses:运行组合的费用
- Administrative expenses
- Advisory fees paid to the investment manager 投资经理咨询费
- 0.2-2 % of total assets under management
- Administrative expenses
- 12 b-1 charges
- distribution costs paid by the fund
- Advertising, promotional literature including annual reports and prospectuses 广告,促销文献,包括年度报告和招股说明书
- Commissions paid to brokers who sell the fund to investors 投资经理的佣金
- Alternative to a load
- Are limited to 1% of a fund’s average NAV per year
- distribution costs paid by the fund
Exchange Traded Funds 交易所交易基金
- ETF allow investors to trade index portfolios like shares of stock 以股票的形式交易指数投资组合
- Examples – SPDRs and Diamonds, Cubes, WEBS
- Potential advantages
- Trade continuously throughout day 交易不断
- Can be sold or purchased on margin
- Potentially lower tax rates
- Lower costs (no marketing, lower fund expenses)
- Potential disadvantages
- Price departed from the NAV by small amounts
2010
平均而言,共同基金表现低于市场表现
Evidence suggests some persistence in positive performance over certain horizons