BASE64实现

Base64是一种基于64个可打印字符来表示二进制数据的表示方法。由于2的6次方等于64，所以每6个比特为一个单元，对应某个可打印字符。三个字节有24个比特，对应于4个Base64单元，即3个字节可表示4个可打印字符。它可用来作为电子邮件的传输编码。在Base64中的可打印字符包括字母A-Z、a-z、数字0-9，这样共有62个字符，此外两个可打印符号在不同的系统中而不同。一些如uuencode的其他编码方法，和之后binhex的版本使用不同的64字符集来代表6个二进制数字，但是它们不叫Base64.

base64实现步骤:
base64的编码都是按字符串长度，以每3个8bit的字符为一组，
-然后针对每组，首先获取每个字符的ASCII编码，
-然后将ASCII编码转换成8bit的二进制，得到一组3*8=24bit的字节
-然后再将这24bit划分为4个6bit的字节，并在每个6bit的字节前面都填两个高位0，得到4个8bit的字节
-然后将这4个8bit的字节转换成10进制，对照Base64编码表 （下表），得到对应编码后的字符。

（注：1. 要求被编码字符是8bit的，所以须在ASCII编码范围内，u0000-u00ff，中文就不行。
　　　2. 如果被编码字符长度不是3的倍数的时候，则都用0代替，对应的输出字符为=）

Base64常用于在通常处理文本数据的场合，表示、传输、存储一些二进制数据。包括MIME的email、在XML中存储复杂数据。

C语言代码:

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int base64encode(const void* data_buf, size_t dataLength, char* result, size_t resultSize)
{
   const char base64chars[] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
   const uint8_t *data = (const uint8_t *)data_buf;
   size_t resultIndex = 0;
   size_t x;
   uint32_t n = 0;
   int padCount = dataLength % 3;
   uint8_t n0, n1, n2, n3;

   /* increment over the length of the string, three characters at a time */
   for (x = 0; x < dataLength; x += 3) 
   {
      /* these three 8-bit (ASCII) characters become one 24-bit number */
      n = ((uint32_t)data[x]) << 16; //parenthesis needed, compiler depending on flags can do the shifting before conversion to uint32_t, resulting to 0

      if((x+1) < dataLength)
         n += ((uint32_t)data[x+1]) << 8;//parenthesis needed, compiler depending on flags can do the shifting before conversion to uint32_t, resulting to 0

      if((x+2) < dataLength)
         n += data[x+2];

      /* this 24-bit number gets separated into four 6-bit numbers */
      n0 = (uint8_t)(n >> 18) & 63;
      n1 = (uint8_t)(n >> 12) & 63;
      n2 = (uint8_t)(n >> 6) & 63;
      n3 = (uint8_t)n & 63;

      /*
       * if we have one byte available, then its encoding is spread
       * out over two characters
       */
      if(resultIndex >= resultSize) return 1;   /* indicate failure: buffer too small */
      result[resultIndex++] = base64chars[n0];
      if(resultIndex >= resultSize) return 1;   /* indicate failure: buffer too small */
      result[resultIndex++] = base64chars[n1];

      /*
       * if we have only two bytes available, then their encoding is
       * spread out over three chars
       */
      if((x+1) < dataLength)
      {
         if(resultIndex >= resultSize) return 1;   /* indicate failure: buffer too small */
         result[resultIndex++] = base64chars[n2];
      }

      /*
       * if we have all three bytes available, then their encoding is spread
       * out over four characters
       */
      if((x+2) < dataLength)
      {
         if(resultIndex >= resultSize) return 1;   /* indicate failure: buffer too small */
         result[resultIndex++] = base64chars[n3];
      }
   }

   /*
    * create and add padding that is required if we did not have a multiple of 3
    * number of characters available
    */
   if (padCount > 0) 
   { 
      for (; padCount < 3; padCount++) 
      { 
         if(resultIndex >= resultSize) return 1;   /* indicate failure: buffer too small */
         result[resultIndex++] = '=';
      } 
   }
   if(resultIndex >= resultSize) return 1;   /* indicate failure: buffer too small */
   result[resultIndex] = 0;
   return 0;   /* indicate success */
}

int main(void)
{
    char src[] = "{\"scene\":\"main\", \"userid\":\"user_0001\"}";
    char buf[256] = {0};
    base64encode(src, strlen(src), buf, sizeof(buf));
    printf("After encode:\n%s\n", buf);
    return 0;
}

参考：
1. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64
2. https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000009695179