《计算机图形学》系统设计10月进展报告
151220129 计科 吴政亿
（南京大学 计算机科学与技术系，南京 210093）
摘要
用C#向windows的画图看齐，实现了文件的打开与保存，直线/圆/曲线/点 等的形状绘制，可以自主选择粗细与颜色，并且应用派生的ArrayList类Step保存了每一步的操作，可以进行撤销与恢复操作。
实验环境
报告采用markdown编写，并另存为了html与pdf格式，置于压缩包内report文件夹，code文件夹中包含了本次阶段性代码，Paint文件则是project的打包发布版本，便于助教测试。
基于Visual Studio 2015下的 C# 编写。
代码结构浅析
代码主要分为三个部分：
| Name | Information |
|---|---|
| Program.cs | 应用程序的主入口点。 |
| Form1.cs | 画图程序的主窗口与实现的部分代码。 |
| StepPaint.cs | ArrayList的派生类，用于存储每一步的操作。 |
Form1.cs
| Variable Name | Information |
|---|---|
| CASE now_case | 定义了当前的操作形状，例如画线与画圆 |
| BREATH bh | 定义了画笔的粗细 |
| Color color | 当前画笔颜色 |
| int x1,y1 | 定义了直线，圆等的起点坐标，在鼠标摁下时更新 |
| bool mouse_down | 用于判断鼠标时候松开 |
| bool is_back | 用于判断是否处于撤销状态 |
| StepPaint Step | 存储每一步的操作动作 |
| Function Name | Information |
|---|---|
| private void InitForm1() | 初始化成员变量 |
| private void drawPixel(x,y) | 在(x,y)处画点(粗细取决于bh) |
| private void DDALine(x1,y1,x2,y2) | 画线函数DDA算法 |
| private void BresenhamLine(x1, y1, x2, y2) | 画线函数Bresenham算法 |
| private void MidpointLine(x0, y0, x1, y1) | 画线函数中心点生成算法 |
| private void BresenhamCircle(R, xc, yc) | 画圆函数Bresenham算法 |
| private void button_*Color*_Click(sender, e) | 不同颜色对应了不同的按钮来改变当前画笔颜色 |
| private void openfile_Click(sender, e) | 打开文件响应函数 |
| private void savefile_Click(sender, e) | 保存文件响应函数 |
| private void button_*Function*_Click(sender, e) | 相应功能的相应函数，其中有撤销、恢复以及各种形状选择 |
| private void pictureBox1_MouseUp(sender, e) | 鼠标左键松开时响应函数 |
| private void pictureBox1_MouseMove(sender, e) | 鼠标移动时响应函数 |
| private void pictureBox1_MouseDown(sender, e) | 鼠标左键摁下时响应函数 |
| private void *粗细*ToolStripMenuItem_Click(sender, e) | 设置画笔粗细的响应函数 |
StepPoint.cs
| Function Name | Information |
|---|---|
| ArrayList | 存储所有步骤的Image |
| int StepImage_now | 记录当前显示的图像在ArrayList的下标 |
| void ClearStep() | 清空ArrayList与StepImage_now |
| void InitStep(Image) | 用一张Image初始化并作为保卫者 |
| void AddStep(obj) | 添加一个Image Step |
| bool StepIsNull() | 判断StepImage_now是否位于最底部 |
| bool StepIsFull() | 判断StepImage_now是否位于最顶部 |
| Image PopStep() | 撤销当前步骤 |
| Image PushStep() | 恢复上一个步骤 |
| Image RefreshStep() | 将最后一个步骤永久撤销 |
| void RemoveNullStep() | 当撤销状态下执行一个步骤，将清除后面的步骤 |
核心代码实现
这部分简述略过，因为都是按照上课讲的实现的算法
DDA直线算法
private void DDALine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2){
double dx, dy, e, x, y;
dx = x2 - x1;
dy = y2 - y1;
e = (Math.Abs(dx) > Math.Abs(dy)) ? Math.Abs(dx) : Math.Abs(dy);
dx /= e; dy /= e;
x = x1;
y = y1;
for (int i = 1; i <= e; i++)
{
drawPixel((int)(x + 0.5), (int)(y + 0.5));
x += dx;
y += dy;
}
}
Bresenham画圆算法
private void BresenhamCircle(int R, int xc, int yc){
int x, y, p;
x = 0; y = R;
p = 3 - 2 * R;
for (; x <= y; x++)
{
/* 下面八个分别对称 八个部分*/
drawPixel(x + xc, y + yc);
drawPixel(x + xc, -y + yc);
drawPixel(y + xc, x + yc);
drawPixel(y + xc, -x + yc);
drawPixel(-x + xc, y + yc);
drawPixel(-x + xc, -y + yc);
drawPixel(-y + xc, x + yc);
drawPixel(-y + xc, -x + yc);
if (p >= 0)
{
p += 4 * (x - y) + 10;
y--;
}
else
{
p += 4 * x + 6;
}
}
}实验感悟
对直线，圆等的生成算法有了更深刻的了解，并将ppt中的所有算法都简要测试了一遍并选择了最为简洁的方法，另外对像素与图像生成也有了实践的经验，下一次的目标是对于线的粗细有着更好的优化方案，现在的线粗细采用的是画圆的方案，当选项为粗时略有卡顿。
下附代码
Form1.cs
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Painting
{
enum CASE { no_operation, dot, line, curve, square, roundness, rectangle, pencil };
enum BREATH { ss, s, b, bb};
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
private Color color;
private CASE now_case;
private BREATH bh;
private int x1, y1;
private bool mouse_down, is_back;
private StepPaint Step = new StepPaint();
//private Bitmap bmp;
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void InitForm1()
{
color = Color.Black;
now_case = CASE.no_operation;
x1 = y1 = 0;
button_color.BackColor = color;
mouse_down = is_back = false;
bh = BREATH.ss;
pictureBox.Image = new Bitmap(pictureBox.Width, pictureBox.Height);
Step.InitStep((Image)pictureBox.Image.Clone());
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
InitForm1();
}
private void drawPixel(int x, int y)//画点
{
Brush br = new SolidBrush(color);
switch (bh)
{
case BREATH.ss:
Graphics.FromImage(pictureBox.Image).FillRectangle(br, x, y, 1, 1);
break;
case BREATH.s:
bh = BREATH.ss;
Graphics.FromImage(pictureBox.Image).FillRectangle(br, x, y, 1, 1);
BresenhamCircle(1, x, y);
bh = BREATH.s;
break;
case BREATH.b:
bh = BREATH.ss;
Graphics.FromImage(pictureBox.Image).FillRectangle(br, x, y, 1, 1);
for (int i = 1; i < 3; i++)
BresenhamCircle(1 + i, x, y);
bh = BREATH.b;
break;
case BREATH.bb:
bh = BREATH.ss;
Graphics.FromImage(pictureBox.Image).FillRectangle(br, x, y, 1, 1);
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
BresenhamCircle(1 + i, x, y);
bh = BREATH.bb;
break;
default:
Graphics.FromImage(pictureBox.Image).FillRectangle(br, x, y, 1, 1);
break;
}
pictureBox.Invalidate();
br.Dispose();
}
//private void drawPixel(int x, int y,Color cr)//画点
//{
// Brush br = new SolidBrush(cr);
// //Graphics g = pictureBox.CreateGraphics();
// //Graphics g = Graphics.FromImage(bmp);
// //g.FillRectangle(br, x, y, 1, 1);
// Graphics.FromImage(pictureBox.Image).FillRectangle(br, x, y, 1, 1);
// pictureBox.Invalidate();
// br.Dispose();
//}
private void DDALine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
{
double dx, dy, e, x, y;
dx = x2 - x1;
dy = y2 - y1;
e = (Math.Abs(dx) > Math.Abs(dy)) ? Math.Abs(dx) : Math.Abs(dy);
dx /= e; dy /= e;
x = x1;
y = y1;
for (int i = 1; i <= e; i++)
{
drawPixel((int)(x + 0.5), (int)(y + 0.5));
x += dx;
y += dy;
}
}
private void BresenhamLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
{
int x, y, dx, dy, p;
x = x1;
y = y1;
dx = x2 - x1;
dy = y2 - y1;
p = 2 * dy - dx;
for (; x <= x2; x++)
{
drawPixel(x, y);
if (p >= 0)
{
y++;
p += 2 * (dy - dx);
}
else
{
p += 2 * dy;
}
}
}
private void MidpointLine(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1)
{
int a, b, delta1, delta2, d, x, y;
a = y0 - y1;
b = x1 - x0;
d = 2 * a + b;
delta1 = 2 * a;
delta2 = 2 * (a + b);
x = x0;
y = y0;
drawPixel(x, y);
while (x < x1)
{
if (d < 0)
{
x++;
y++;
d += delta2;
}
else
{
x++;
d += delta1;
}
drawPixel(x, y);
} /* while */
}/* MidpointLine */
//private void DDALine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, Color cr)
//{
// double dx, dy, e, x, y;
// dx = x2 - x1;
// dy = y2 - y1;
// e = (Math.Abs(dx) > Math.Abs(dy)) ? Math.Abs(dx) : Math.Abs(dy);
// dx /= e; dy /= e;
// x = x1;
// y = y1;
// for (int i = 1; i <= e; i++)
// {
// drawPixel((int)(x + 0.5), (int)(y + 0.5), cr);
// x += dx;
// y += dy;
// }
//}
//private void MidpointCircle2(int R, int xc, int yc)
//{
// int x, y, deltax, deltay, d;
// x = 0; y = R; d = 1 - R;
// deltax = 3;
// deltay = 5 - R - R;
// drawPixel(x + xc, y + yc);
// while (x < y)
// {
// if (d < 0)
// {
// d += deltax;
// deltax += 2;
// deltay += 2;
// x++;
// }
// else
// {
// d += deltay;
// deltax += 2;
// deltay += 4;
// x++;
// y--;
// }
// drawPixel(x + xc, y + yc);
// }
//}
private void BresenhamCircle(int R, int xc, int yc)
{
int x, y, p;
x = 0; y = R;
p = 3 - 2 * R;
for (; x <= y; x++)
{
drawPixel(x + xc, y + yc);
drawPixel(x + xc, -y + yc);
drawPixel(y + xc, x + yc);
drawPixel(y + xc, -x + yc);
drawPixel(-x + xc, y + yc);
drawPixel(-x + xc, -y + yc);
drawPixel(-y + xc, x + yc);
drawPixel(-y + xc, -x + yc);
if (p >= 0)
{
p += 4 * (x - y) + 10;
y--;
}
else
{
p += 4 * x + 6;
}
}
}
//private void BresenhamCircle(int R, int xc, int yc, Color cr)
//{
// int x, y, p;
// x = 0; y = R;
// p = 3 - 2 * R;
// for (; x <= y; x++)
// {
// drawPixel(x + xc, y + yc, cr);
// drawPixel(x + xc, -y + yc, cr);
// drawPixel(y + xc, x + yc, cr);
// drawPixel(y + xc, -x + yc, cr);
// drawPixel(-x + xc, y + yc, cr);
// drawPixel(-x + xc, -y + yc, cr);
// drawPixel(-y + xc, x + yc, cr);
// drawPixel(-y + xc, -x + yc, cr);
// if (p >= 0)
// {
// p += 4 * (x - y) + 10;
// y--;
// }
// else
// {
// p += 4 * x + 6;
// }
// }
//}
private void button_white_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.White;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_black_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Black;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_red_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Red;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_orange_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Orange;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_yellow_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Yellow;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_lime_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Lime;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_aqua_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Aqua;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_blue_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Blue;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_fuchsia_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Fuchsia;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void button_silver_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
color = Color.Silver;
button_color.BackColor = color;
}
private void openfile_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
openFileDialog1.InitialDirectory = "D:\\"; // 这里是初始的路径名
openFileDialog1.Filter = "png文件|*.png|jpg文件|*.jpg|所有文件|*.*"; //设置打开文件的类型
openFileDialog1.RestoreDirectory = true; //设置是否还原当前目录
openFileDialog1.FilterIndex = 0; //设置打开文件类型的索引
string path = ""; //用于保存打开文件的路径
if (openFileDialog1.ShowDialog() == System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK)
{
path = openFileDialog1.FileName;
//MessageBox.Show(path); //显示该路径名
}
pictureBox.ImageLocation = path;
Step.InitStep(Image.FromFile(path));
//Step.ShowImageStep(0);
}
private void savefile_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
saveFileDialog1.InitialDirectory = "D:\\"; // 这里是初始的路径名
saveFileDialog1.Filter = "png文件|*.png|jpg文件|*.jpg|所有文件|*.*"; //设置打开文件的类型
saveFileDialog1.RestoreDirectory = true; //设置是否还原当前目录
saveFileDialog1.FilterIndex = 0; //设置打开文件类型的索引
string path = ""; //用于保存打开文件的路径
if (saveFileDialog1.ShowDialog() == System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK)
{
path = saveFileDialog1.FileName;
//MessageBox.Show(path); //显示该路径名
}
pictureBox.Image.Save(path);
}
private void button_back_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
is_back = true;
if(!Step.StepIsNull())
pictureBox.Image = Step.PopStep();
}
private void button_front_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!Step.StepIsFull())
pictureBox.Image = Step.PushStep();
}
private void button_line_Click_1(object sender, EventArgs e)//直线
{
now_case = CASE.line;
}
private void button_dot_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)//点
{
now_case = CASE.dot;
}
private void button_pencil_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
now_case = CASE.pencil;
}
private void button_roundness_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
now_case = CASE.roundness;
}
private void pictureBox1_MouseUp(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)//鼠标左键松开
{
if (mouse_down)
mouse_down = false;
if (is_back)
{
Step.RemoveNullStep();
is_back = false;
}
}
private void pictureBox1_MouseMove(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)//鼠标移动
{
if (mouse_down)
{
if(now_case == CASE.dot)
{
drawPixel(e.X, e.Y);
}
else if (now_case == CASE.pencil)
{
DDALine(x1, y1, e.X, e.Y);
x1 = e.X;
y1 = e.Y;
}
else
{
pictureBox.Image = Step.RefreshStep();
switch (now_case)
{
case CASE.no_operation:
break;
case CASE.dot:
//drawPixel(e.X, e.Y);
break;
case CASE.line:
DDALine(x1, y1, e.X, e.Y);
//BresenhamLine(x1, y1, e.X, e.Y);
//MidpointLine(x1, y1, e.X, e.Y);
break;
case CASE.curve:
break;
case CASE.square:
break;
case CASE.roundness:
BresenhamCircle((int)Math.Sqrt((x1 - e.X) * (x1 - e.X) + (y1 - e.Y) * (y1 - e.Y)) / 2, (x1 + e.X) / 2, (y1 + e.Y) / 2);
break;
case CASE.rectangle:
break;
case CASE.pencil:
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
}
private void pictureBox1_MouseDown(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
//设置起点
x1 = e.X;
y1 = e.Y;
//标记鼠标摁下
mouse_down = true;
Image temp = (Image)pictureBox.Image.Clone();
//Form fm = new Form();
//fm.BackgroundImage=temp;
//fm.Show();
Step.AddStep(temp);
pictureBox.Image = temp;
}
private void 好细ToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
bh = BREATH.ss;
}
private void 细ToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
bh = BREATH.s;
}
private void 粗ToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
bh = BREATH.b;
}
private void 好粗ToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
bh = BREATH.bb;
}
}
}
StepPaint.cs
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Painting
{
class StepPaint: ArrayList
{
private int StepImage_now;
public void ClearStep()
{
this.Clear();
StepImage_now = -1;
}
public void AddStep(Object obj)
{
this.Add(obj);
StepImage_now++;
}
public void InitStep(Image obj)
{
ClearStep();
AddStep(obj);
}
public bool StepIsNull()
{
return StepImage_now == 0;
}
public Image PopStep()
{
if (StepIsNull())
MessageBox.Show("StepImage_now == 0!");
StepImage_now--;
return (Image)(((Image)this[StepImage_now]).Clone());
}
public bool StepIsFull()
{
return StepImage_now == this.Count - 1 ;
}
public Image PushStep()
{
if (StepIsFull())
MessageBox.Show("StepImage_now is full");
StepImage_now++;
return (Image)(((Image)this[StepImage_now]).Clone());
}
public Image RefreshStep()
{
Image temp = (Image)((Image)this[StepImage_now - 1]).Clone();
this[StepImage_now] = temp;
return temp;
}
public void RemoveNullStep()
{
//MessageBox.Show("set count to now!");
this.RemoveRange(StepImage_now + 1, this.Count - StepImage_now - 1);
}
//public void ShowImageStep(int i)
//{
// Form fm = new Form();
// fm.BackgroundImage = (Image)this[i];
// fm.Show();
//}
}
}
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