Combinations of grad, div and curl

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于 2021-01-20 16:53:55 发布

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We now consider the action of two vector operators in succession on a scalar or vector field. We can immediately discard four of the nine obvious combinations of grad, div and curl. where $\phi$ is a scalar field and $\boldsymbol{a}$ is a vector field.

$4$ meaningless

these four combinations are grad(grad $\phi$ ), div(div $\boldsymbol{a}$ ), curl(div $\boldsymbol{a}$ ) and grad(curl $\boldsymbol{a}$ ).
In each case the second (outer) vector operator is acting on the wrong type of field, i.e. scalar instead of vector or vice versa. In grad(grad $\phi$ ), for example, grad acts on grad $\phi$ , which is a vector field, but we know that grad only acts on scalar fields.

$2$ always zero

curl grad $\phi$ = $\nabla\times\nabla\phi=0$ ,
div curl $\boldsymbol{a}$ = $\nabla\cdot(\nabla \times \boldsymbol{a})=0$ .

$3$ Meaningful

div grad $\phi=\nabla\cdot\nabla\phi=\nabla^2\phi=\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial y^2}+\frac{\partial^2\phi}{\partial z^2}$ ,
grad div $\boldsymbol{a}$ = $\nabla(\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{a})\\=(\frac{\partial^2a_x}{\partial x^2}+\frac{\partial^2a_y}{\partial x \partial y}+\frac{\partial^2a_z}{\partial x \partial z})\boldsymbol{i}+(\frac{\partial^2a_x}{\partial y\partial y}+\frac{\partial^2a_y}{\partial^2 y}+\frac{\partial^2a_z}{\partial y \partial z})\boldsymbol{j}+(\frac{\partial^2a_x}{\partial z\partial x}+\frac{\partial^2a_y}{\partial z\partial y}+\frac{\partial^2a_z}{\partial ^2z})\boldsymbol{k}$ ,
curl curl $\boldsymbol{a}$ = $\nabla\times(\nabla\times\boldsymbol{a})=\nabla(\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{a})-\nabla^2\boldsymbol{a}$