Python -- functions模块

partial

用于创建一个偏函数，将默认参数包装一个可调用的对象，返回结果也是可以调用的对象，偏函数可以固定原函数的部分参数，从而调用更简单。

实例展示：

from functools import partial

def test(input, *args, **kw)
	print("input: ", input)
	print("args: ", args)
	print("kw: ", kw)

func = partial(test, 0, 1, 2)
print('===================')
func()
print('===================')
func(3, 4, 5)
print('===================')
func(a='python', b='test')

输出如下：

===================
input: 0
args: (1, 2)
kw: {}
===================
input: 0
args: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
kw: {}
===================
input: 0
args: (1, 2)
kw: {‘a’: ‘python’, ‘b’: ‘test’}

注释：*args表示将实参按位置传值，多余的值传给args，且以元组的方式呈现；**kw表示形参中按照关键字传值，多余的值都给kw，且以字典的方式呈现。
参考链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_1290259791/article/details/84930850

wraps

保证函数调用的便利性和代码的简洁性

函数中返回函数

def hi(name="yasoob"):
    def greet():
        return "now you are in the greet() function"
 
    def welcome():
        return "now you are in the welcome() function"
 
    if name == "yasoob":
        return greet
    else:
        return welcome
 
a = hi()  # 返回函数的地址
print(a)  
# outputs: <function greet at 0x7f2143c01500>
# 上面清晰地展示了`a`现在指向到hi()函数中的greet()函数
 
print(a())
# outputs: now you are in the greet() function

  再次看看上面的代码。在 if/else 语句中，我们返回 greet 和 welcome，而不是 greet() 和 welcome()。为什么那样？这是因为当你把一对小括号放在后面，这个函数就会执行；然而如果你不放括号在它后面，那它可以被到处传递，并且可以赋值给别的变量而不去执行它。 你明白了吗？让我再稍微多解释点细节。
  当我们写下 a = hi()，hi() 会被执行，而由于 name 参数默认是 yasoob，所以函数 greet 被返回了。如果我们把语句改为 a = hi(name = “ali”)，那么 welcome 函数将被返回。我们还可以打印出 hi()()，这会输出 now you are in the greet() function。

将函数作为参数传递到另外一个函数

def hi():
    return "hi yasoob!"

# 参数为函数
def doSomethingBeforeHi(func):
    print("I am doing some boring work before executing hi()")
    print(func())

doSomethingBeforeHi(hi)
# outputs:I am doing some boring work before executing hi()
#         hi yasoob!

第一个装饰器

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
 	print('Flag')
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction
 
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")

# 正常调用一个函数，返回该函数的结果
a_function_requiring_decoration()
# outputs: "I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell"
 
# 函数a_function_requiring_decoration 作为 函数 a_new_decorator的参数进行传递，返回值为
# 函数wrapTheFunction，即a_function_requiring_decoration被装饰
ss = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)  # 调用a_new_decorator函数，输
# 出Flag，返回值为函数 wrapTheFunction
print(ss.__name__)
ss()
# outputs: Flag
#          wrapTheFunction
#		   I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#		   I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#		   I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

你看明白上述代码了吗？我们刚刚应用了之前学习到的原理。这正是 python 中装饰器做的事情！它们封装一个函数，并且用这样或者那样的方式来修改它的行为。现在你也许疑惑，我们在代码里并没有使用 @ 符号？那只是一个简短的方式来生成一个被装饰的函数。这里是我们如何使用 @ 来运行之前的代码：

使用装饰器标识修改上述代码：@（不加wraps）

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
 	print('Flag')
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction

@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")

a_function_requiring_decoration()
# outputs: Flag
#		   I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#		   I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
# 		   I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: wrapTheFunction

这并不是我们想要的！Ouput输出应该是"a_function_requiring_decoration"。这里的函数被warpTheFunction替代了。它重写了我们函数的名字。幸运的是Python提供给我们一个简单的函数来解决这个问题，那就是functools.wraps。我们修改上一个例子来使用functools.wraps。

使用装饰器标识修改上述代码：wraps

from functools import wraps

def a_new_decorator(a_func):
 	print('Flag')
 	@wraps(a_func)
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction

@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell")

a_function_requiring_decoration()
# outputs: Flag
#		   I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#		   I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
# 		   I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: a_function_requiring_decoration

上述代码参考链接如下：
  https://blog.csdn.net/yibuchen/article/details/80587810
  https://www.runoob.com/w3cnote/python-func-decorators.html