第四章探索性数据分析
§4.1常用分布的概率函数图
二项分布n=20,p=0.2
k<-seq(0,n)
plot(k,dbinom(k,n,p),type='h',
main='Binomial distribution,n=20,p=0.2',xlab='k')
泊松分布
lambda<-4.0
k<-seq(0,20)
plot(k,dpois(k,lambda),type='h',
main='Poisson distribution, lambda=5. 5' ,xlab='k')
几何分布
p<-0.5
k<-seq(0,10)
plot(k,dgeom(k,p),type='h',main='Geometric distribution, p=0.5' ,xlab='k')
超几何分布
N<-30
M<-10
n<-10
k<-seq(0,10)
plot(k,dhyper(k,N,M,n),type='h',main='Hypergeometric distribution, N=30, M=10, n=10',xlab='k')
负二项分布
n<-10
p<-0.5
k<-seq(0,40)
plot(k, dnbinom(k,n,p), type='h',
main='Negative Binomial distribution, n=10, p=0.5',xlab='k')
正态分布
curve(dnorm(x,0,1), xlim=c(-5,5), ylim=c(0,.8),col='red', lwd=2, lty=3)
curve(dnorm(x,0,2), add=T, col='blue', lwd=2, lty=2)
curve(dnorm(x,0,1/2), add=T, lwd=2, lty=1)
title(main="Gaussian distributions")
legend(par('usr')[2] , par('usr') [4] , xjust=1,
c('sigma=1', 'sigma=2', 'sigma=1/2'),lwd=c(2,2,2), lty=c(3,2,1),col=c('red', 'blue', par("fg")))
t分布
curve(dt(x,1), xlim=c(-3,3), ylim=c(0,.4),col='red', lwd=2, lty=1)
curve(dt(x,2), add=T, col='green', lwd=2, lty=2)
curve(dt(x,10), add=T, col='orange', lwd=2, lty=3)
curve(dnorm(x), add=T, lwd=3, lty=4)
title(main="Student T distributions")
legend(par('usr')[2] , par('usr')[4],xjust=1,
c('df=1','df=2','df=10','Gaussian distribution'),lwd=c(2,2,2,2),lty=c(1,2,3,4),col=c('red','blue','green', par("fg")))
X2分布
curve (dchisq(x, 1),xlim=c(0,10), ylim=c(0,.6),col='red', lwd=2)
curve (dchisq(x,2), add=T,col='green', lwd=2)
curve (dchisq(x,3), add=T,col='blue', lwd=2)
curve (dchisq(x,5), add=T,col='orange', lwd=2)
abline(h=0,lty=3)
abline(v=0,lty=3)
title(main='Chi square Distributions')
legend(par('usr')[2],par('usr')[4],xjust=1,c('df=1','df=2','df=3','df=5'),lwd=3,lty=1,col=c('red','green','blue','orange'))
对数正态分布
curve(dlnorm(x), xlim=c(-.2,5), ylim=c(0,1.0), lwd=2)
curve(dlnorm(x,0,3/2), add=T, col='blue', lwd=2, lty=2)
curve(dlnorm(x,0,1/2), add=T, col='orange', lwd=2, lty=3)
title(main="Log normal distributions")
legend(par('usr') [2] , par('usr')[4] , xjust=1,c('sigma=1', 'sigma=2','sigma=1/2'),lwd=c(2,2,2),lty=c(1,2,3),
col=c(par("fg"), 'blue', 'orange'))
柯西分布
curve(dcauchy(x),xlim=c(-5,5), ylim=c(0,.5),lwd=3)
curve(dnorm(x), add=T, col='red', lty=2)
legend(par('usr')[2] , par('usr')[4],xjust=1,c('Cauchy distribution','Gaussian distribution'),
lwd=c(3,1),lty=c(1,2),col=c(par ("fg") , 'red'))
威布尔分布
curve(dexp(x), xlim=c(0,3), ylim=c(0,2))
curve(dweibull(x,1),lty=3,lwd=3,add=T)
curve(dweibull(x,2),colo='red',add=T)
curve(dweibull(x,.8),col='blue',add=T)
title(main="Weibull Probability Distribution Function")
legend(par('usr')[2],par('usr')[4],xjust=1,
c('Exponential', 'Weibull, shape=1','Weibull, shape=2', 'Weibull, shape= .8'),lwd=c(1,3,1,1), lty=c(1,3,1,1),
col=c(par("fg"), par("fg"),'red','blue'))
§4.1常用分布的概率函数图
二项分布n=20,p=0.2
k<-seq(0,n)
plot(k,dbinom(k,n,p),type='h',
main='Binomial distribution,n=20,p=0.2',xlab='k')
泊松分布
lambda<-4.0
k<-seq(0,20)
plot(k,dpois(k,lambda),type='h',
main='Poisson distribution, lambda=5. 5' ,xlab='k')
几何分布
p<-0.5
k<-seq(0,10)
plot(k,dgeom(k,p),type='h',main='Geometric distribution, p=0.5' ,xlab='k')
超几何分布
N<-30
M<-10
n<-10
k<-seq(0,10)
plot(k,dhyper(k,N,M,n),type='h',main='Hypergeometric distribution, N=30, M=10, n=10',xlab='k')
负二项分布
n<-10
p<-0.5
k<-seq(0,40)
plot(k, dnbinom(k,n,p), type='h',
main='Negative Binomial distribution, n=10, p=0.5',xlab='k')
正态分布
curve(dnorm(x,0,1), xlim=c(-5,5), ylim=c(0,.8),col='red', lwd=2, lty=3)
curve(dnorm(x,0,2), add=T, col='blue', lwd=2, lty=2)
curve(dnorm(x,0,1/2), add=T, lwd=2, lty=1)
title(main="Gaussian distributions")
legend(par('usr')[2] , par('usr') [4] , xjust=1,
c('sigma=1', 'sigma=2', 'sigma=1/2'),lwd=c(2,2,2), lty=c(3,2,1),col=c('red', 'blue', par("fg")))
t分布
curve(dt(x,1), xlim=c(-3,3), ylim=c(0,.4),col='red', lwd=2, lty=1)
curve(dt(x,2), add=T, col='green', lwd=2, lty=2)
curve(dt(x,10), add=T, col='orange', lwd=2, lty=3)
curve(dnorm(x), add=T, lwd=3, lty=4)
title(main="Student T distributions")
legend(par('usr')[2] , par('usr')[4],xjust=1,
c('df=1','df=2','df=10','Gaussian distribution'),lwd=c(2,2,2,2),lty=c(1,2,3,4),col=c('red','blue','green', par("fg")))
X2分布
curve (dchisq(x, 1),xlim=c(0,10), ylim=c(0,.6),col='red', lwd=2)
curve (dchisq(x,2), add=T,col='green', lwd=2)
curve (dchisq(x,3), add=T,col='blue', lwd=2)
curve (dchisq(x,5), add=T,col='orange', lwd=2)
abline(h=0,lty=3)
abline(v=0,lty=3)
title(main='Chi square Distributions')
legend(par('usr')[2],par('usr')[4],xjust=1,c('df=1','df=2','df=3','df=5'),lwd=3,lty=1,col=c('red','green','blue','orange'))
对数正态分布
curve(dlnorm(x), xlim=c(-.2,5), ylim=c(0,1.0), lwd=2)
curve(dlnorm(x,0,3/2), add=T, col='blue', lwd=2, lty=2)
curve(dlnorm(x,0,1/2), add=T, col='orange', lwd=2, lty=3)
title(main="Log normal distributions")
legend(par('usr') [2] , par('usr')[4] , xjust=1,c('sigma=1', 'sigma=2','sigma=1/2'),lwd=c(2,2,2),lty=c(1,2,3),
col=c(par("fg"), 'blue', 'orange'))
柯西分布
curve(dcauchy(x),xlim=c(-5,5), ylim=c(0,.5),lwd=3)
curve(dnorm(x), add=T, col='red', lty=2)
legend(par('usr')[2] , par('usr')[4],xjust=1,c('Cauchy distribution','Gaussian distribution'),
lwd=c(3,1),lty=c(1,2),col=c(par ("fg") , 'red'))
威布尔分布
curve(dexp(x), xlim=c(0,3), ylim=c(0,2))
curve(dweibull(x,1),lty=3,lwd=3,add=T)
curve(dweibull(x,2),colo='red',add=T)
curve(dweibull(x,.8),col='blue',add=T)
title(main="Weibull Probability Distribution Function")
legend(par('usr')[2],par('usr')[4],xjust=1,
c('Exponential', 'Weibull, shape=1','Weibull, shape=2', 'Weibull, shape= .8'),lwd=c(1,3,1,1), lty=c(1,3,1,1),
col=c(par("fg"), par("fg"),'red','blue'))