问题三十五： 怎么用ray tracing画二次曲面(quadratic surfaces)（3）——椭球抛物面

35.3 椭球抛物面

35.3.1 数学推导

椭球抛物面的方程如下：

所以，其一：我们需要对两个实根进行排序（先处理小的）

 

另外，由于，是开放曲面，也就是，光线有可能撞击到曲面的正反两面，所以，对于撞击点处的标准化之后的法向量，我们需要做如下判断：

                        if (dot(rec.normal,r.direction()) > 0) {

                            rec.normal =-rec.normal;

                        }//（法向量决定着反射光线和折射光线）

 

还有，由于我们引入了height_y参数来限制曲面的高度，但是，我们要注意到：小实根对应的交点超出高度范围时（之前的一贯做法：小根不在t_min、t_max范围，就直接return false），大实根是有可能在高度范围的（而且，如果在范围的话，光线撞击的曲面的内表面，这时的法向量是需要反向的）。

 

35.3.2 看C++代码实现

----------------------------------------------quadratic_paraboloid.h ------------------------------------------

quadratic_paraboloid.h

#ifndef QUADRATIC_PARABOLOID_H
#define QUADRATIC_PARABOLOID_H

#include <hitable.h>


class quadratic_paraboloid : public hitable
{
    public:
        quadratic_paraboloid() {}
        quadratic_paraboloid(vec3 cen, float p, float q, int hy, material *m) : center(cen), focus_directrix_p(p), focus_directrix_q(q), height_half_y(hy), ma(m) {}
/*
(x-xc)^2/2*p + (z-zc)^2/2*q = (y-yc)
(p>0, q>0)
*/
        virtual bool hit(const ray& r, float tmin, float tmax, hit_record& rec) const;
        vec3 center;
        float focus_directrix_p;
        float focus_directrix_q;
        int height_half_y;
        material *ma;
};

#endif // QUADRATIC_PARABOLOID_H

 

----------------------------------------------quadratic_paraboloid.cpp ------------------------------------------

quadratic_paraboloid.cpp

 

#include "quadratic_paraboloid.h"

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

bool quadratic_paraboloid::hit(const ray& r, float t_min, float t_max, hit_record& rec) const {
        float A = focus_directrix_q*r.direction().x()*r.direction().x()
                + focus_directrix_p*r.direction().z()*r.direction().z();
        float B = 2*focus_directrix_q*r.direction().x()*(r.origin().x()-center.x())
                + 2*focus_directrix_p*r.direction().z()*(r.origin().z()-center.z())
                - 2*focus_directrix_p*focus_directrix_q*r.direction().y();
        float C = focus_directrix_q*(r.origin().x()-center.x())*(r.origin().x()-center.x())
                + focus_directrix_p*(r.origin().z()-center.z())*(r.origin().z()-center.z())
                - 2*focus_directrix_p*focus_directrix_q*(r.origin().y()-center.y());
        float temp, temp1, temp2;
        vec3 pc;

        if(A == 0) {
            if (B == 0) {
                return false;
            }
            else {
                temp = -C/B;
                if (temp < t_max && temp > t_min) {
                    rec.t = temp;
                    rec.p = r.point_at_parameter(rec.t);
                    if (((rec.p.y()-center.y()) > -height_half_y) 
&& ((rec.p.y()-center.y()) < height_half_y)) {
                        pc = rec.p - center;
                        rec.normal = unit_vector(vec3(2*focus_directrix_q*pc.x(), -2*focus_directrix_p*focus_directrix_q, 2*focus_directrix_p*pc.z()));
                        if (dot(rec.normal, r.direction()) > 0) {
                            rec.normal = -rec.normal;
                        }
                        rec.mat_ptr = ma;
                        return true;
                    }
                    else {
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else {
            float discriminant = B*B - 4*A*C;
            if (discriminant >= 0) {
                temp1 = (-B - sqrt(discriminant)) / (2.0*A);
                temp2 = (-B + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2.0*A);
                if (temp1 > temp2) {//make sure that temp1 is smaller than temp2
                    temp = temp1;
                    temp1 = temp2;
                    temp2 = temp;
                }
                if (temp1 < t_max && temp1 > t_min) {
                    rec.t = temp1;
                    rec.p = r.point_at_parameter(rec.t);
                    if (((rec.p.y()-center.y()) > -height_half_y) 
&& ((rec.p.y()-center.y()) < height_half_y)) {
                        pc = rec.p - center;
                        rec.normal = unit_vector(vec3(2*focus_directrix_q*pc.x(), -2*focus_directrix_p*focus_directrix_q, 2*focus_directrix_p*pc.z()));
                        if (dot(rec.normal, r.direction()) > 0) {
                            rec.normal = -rec.normal;
                        }
                        rec.mat_ptr = ma;
                        return true;
                    }
                    else {
//                        return false;
                    }
                }
                if (temp2 < t_max && temp2 > t_min) {
                    rec.t = temp2;
                    rec.p = r.point_at_parameter(rec.t);
                    if (((rec.p.y()-center.y()) > -height_half_y) 
&& ((rec.p.y()-center.y()) < height_half_y)) {
                        pc = rec.p - center;
                        rec.normal = unit_vector(vec3(2*focus_directrix_q*pc.x(), -2*focus_directrix_p*focus_directrix_q, 2*focus_directrix_p*pc.z()));
                        if (dot(rec.normal, r.direction()) > 0) {
                            rec.normal = -rec.normal;
                        }
                        rec.mat_ptr = ma;
                        return true;
                    }
                    else {
//                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }
}

 

----------------------------------------------main.cpp ------------------------------------------

main.cpp

        hitable *list[2];
        list[0] = new sphere(vec3(0.0,-100.5,-1), 100, new lambertian(vec3(0.8, 0.8, 0.0)));
        list[1] = new quadratic_paraboloid(vec3(0.5, 1.5, 0), 1, 2, 1, new lambertian(vec3(0.9, 0.1, 0.5)));

        hitable *world = new hitable_list(list,2);

        vec3 lookfrom(0,5,10);
        vec3 lookat(0,1,0);
        float dist_to_focus = (lookfrom - lookat).length();
        float aperture = 0.0;
        camera cam(lookfrom, lookat, vec3(0,1,0), 20, float(nx)/float(ny), aperture, 0.7*dist_to_focus);

输出图片：