系统架构师综合知识5

The objective of（architecture design）is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware.
架构设计的目标是确定应用软件的哪些部分将分配到何种硬件。
The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate.
识别出正在开发系统的主要软件构件并分配到系统将要运行的硬件构件。
All software systems can be divided into four basic functions.
所有软件系统可分为四项基本功能。
The first is（data storage）.Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved, whether a small file,such as a memo produced by a word processor, or a large database, such as one that stores an organization’s accounting records.
第一项是数据存储。大多数信息系统需要数据进行存储并检索，不论是一个小文件，比如一个字处理器产生的一个备忘录，还是一个大型数据库，比如存储一个企业会计记录的数据库。
The second function is the（data access logic）,the processing required to access data, which often means database queries in Structured Query Language.
第二项功能是数据访问逻辑，处理过程需要访问数据，这通常是指用SQL进行数据库查询。
The third function is the （application logic）,which is the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases,and functional requirements.
第三项功能是应用程序逻辑，这些逻辑通过数据流图，用例和功能需求来记录。
The fourth function is the presentation logic,the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user’s commands.
第四项功能是表示逻辑，给用户显示信息并接收用户命令。
The three primary hardware components of a system are （clients,servers,and network）.
一个系统的三类主要硬件构件是客户机、服务器和网络。

determine 确定
major 主要
various 各种
retrieve 取回
DFD 数据流图

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Software architecture reconstruction is an interpretive, jnteractive, and iterative process including many activities.
软件架构重构是一个解释性、交互式和反复迭代的过程，包括了多项活动。
（Information extraction） involves analyzing a system’s existing design and implementation artifacts to construct a model of it.
信息提取通过分析系统现有设计和实现工件来构造它的模型。
The result is used in the following activities to construct a view of the system.
其结果用于在后续活动中构造系统的视图。
The database construction activity converts the （elements and relations） contained in the view into a standard format for storage in a database.
数据库构建活动把模型中包含的元素和关系转换为数据库中的标准存储格式。
The （view fusion） activity involves defining and manipulating the information stored in database to reconcile, augment, and establish connections between the elements.
视图融合活动包括定义和操作数据库中存储的信息，理顺、加强并建立起元素之间的连接。
Reconstruction consists of two primary activities: （visualization and interaction） and （pattern definition and recognition）.
重构由两个主要活动组成：可视化和交互及模式定义和识别。
The former provides a mechanism for the user to manipulate architectural elements, and the latter provides facilities for architecture reconstruction.
前者提供了一种让用户操作架构元素的机制，后者则提供了用于架构重构的设施。

interpretive 解释性的
jnteractive 互动
iterative 反复的
involves 涉及
implementation artifacts 实现工件
extraction 提取
convert 转换
reconcile 调和
augment 加强
establish 建立
fusion 融合
visualization 可视化
interaction 互动

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An architectural style defines as a family of such systems in terms of a (pattern) of structural organization.
一种架构风格以一种结构化组织模式定义一组这样的系统。
More specifically, an architectural style defines a vocabulary of (components) and connector types, and a set of (constraints) on how they can be combined.
具体来说，一种架构风格定义了一个构件及连接器类型的词汇表，以及一组关于它们如何能够被关联的约束。
For many styles there may also exist one or more (semantic models) that specify how to determine a system’s overall properties from the properties of its parts.
对于许多风格来说，可能也存在一个或多个语义模型，从系统部件的特性来确定系统的整体特性。
Many of architectural styles have been developed over the years. The best-known examples of (pipe-and-filter) architectures are programs written in the Unix shell.
许多架构风格已经发展了很多年，众所周知的管道-过滤器架构的例子就是用UNIX shell编写的程序。

architectural style 架构风格
structural organization 结构组织
more specifically 进一步说
vocabulary 词汇
constraints 约束
components 组件
connector 连接器
semantic 语义的

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The software architecture is a set of software components, subsystems, relationships, interactions, the properties of each of these elements, and the set of guiding principles that together constitute the fundamental properties and constraints of a software system or set of systems.
软件架构是一组软件构件、子系统、关联关系、交互关系以及其中每个元素的特性和一组指导原则，这些共同构成一个软件系统或一组系统的基本特性和约束。
(Architectural pattern) defines a general set of element types and their interactions.
架构模式定义了一组通用的元素类型及其交互关系。
The examples inplude Pipes and Filters，Model-View-Controller, and Reflection.
其中的例子包括管道-过滤器、MVC和Reflection。
A (model) in software architecture is a representation used to understand or document one or more aspects of a problem or solution.
软件架构中的模型是一种表现形式，用于从一个或多个方面理解或记录一个问题或解决方案。
Architecture is usually used in conjunction with many adjunct terms.
架构通常会与一些附属词结合起来使用。
The (business architecture) defines the key strategies, organization, goals and related processes of the enterprise.
业务架构定义了企业的关键策略、组织、目标和相关过程。
At the enterprise level, the (application architecture) may be more of a set of guidelines on how the various software architectures should be constructed consistently across the enterprise.
在企业层面，应用架构可能更多的是一组关于应该如何在整个企业一致地构建各种软件架构的指导原则。
The (reference architecture), which describes the high-level set of elements involved in application from a particular domain along with their interactions, is often used to focus on subsystem definition rather than application process level definition.
参考架构描述了源自特定领域的应用涉及的髙层元素集合及其交互关系，通常用于关注子系统的定义而不是应用过程级别定义。

guiding 指导
principles 原则
fundamental 基本的
representation 表现形式
one or more aspects 一个或多个方面
in conjunction with 与…结合
adjunct 附件
terms 条款
adjunct terms 附加词
strategies 策略
At the enterprise level 在企业层面
guidelines 指导方针
various 各种
consistently 一致的
particular 特定的

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An application architecture specifies the technologies to be used to implement one or more information systems.
应用架构说明了实现一个或多个信息系统所使用的技术。
It serves as an outline for detailed design, construction, and implementation.
它作为详细设计、构造和实现的一个大纲。
Given the models and details, include (logical DFDs and ERD) , we can distribute data and processes to create a general design of application architecture.
给定包括逻辑数据流图和实体联系图在内的模型和详细资料，我们可以分配数据和过程以创建应用架构的一个概要设计。
The design will normally be constrained by architecture standards, project objectives, and (the feasibility of techniques).
概要设计通常会受到架构标准、项目目标和技术可行性的制约。
The first physical DFD,to be drawn is the (network architecture DFD) .
需要绘制的第一个物理数据流图是网络架构数据流图。
The next step is to distribute data stores to different processors.
接下来是分配数据存储到不同的处理器。
Data (partitioning and replication) are two types of distributed data which most RDBMSs support.
数据分区和复制是大多数关系型数据库支持的两种分布式数据形式。
There are many distribution options used in data distribution.
有许多分配方法用于数据分布。
In the case of (storing specific tables on different servers)，we should record each table as a data store on the physical DFD and connect each to the appropriate server.
在不同服务器上存储特定表的情况下，我们应该将每个表记为物理数据流图中的一个数据存储，并将其连接到相应的服务器。

specifies 指明；说明
outline 大纲
distribute 分配
general design 概要设计
constrained 制约
feasibility 可行性
the feasibility of techniques 技术可行性
partitioning 分区
replication 复制
appropriate 适当的

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A system’s architecture is a representation of a system in which there is a mapping of (functionality) onto hardware and software components, a mapping of the (software architecture) onto the hardware architecture, and a concern for the human interaction with these components.
系统架构是一个系统的一种表示，包含了功能到软硬件构件的映射、软件架构到硬件架构的映射以及对于这些组件人机交互的关注。
That is, system architecture is concerned with a total system, including hardware, software, and humans.
也就是说，系统架构关注于整个系统， 包括硬件、软件和使用者。
Software architectural structures can be divided into three major categories, depending on the broad nature of the elements they show.
软件架构结构根据其所展示元素的广义性质，可以被分为三个主要类别。
(Module structures) embody decisions as a set of code or data units that have to be constructed or procured.
模块结构将决策体现为一组需要被构建或采购的代码或数据单元。
(Component-and-connectcr structures) embody decisions as to how the system is to be structured as set of elements that have runtime behavior and interactions.
构件连接器结构将决策体现为系统如何被结构化为一组具有运行时行为和交互的元素。
(Allocation structures) embody decisions as to how the system will relate to nonsoftware structures in its environment (such as CPUs, file systems, networks, development teams, etc.).
分配结构将决策体现为系统如何在其环境中关联到非软件结构，如CPU、文件系统、 网络、开发团队等。

representation 表示
concerned 关注
depending 取决于
the broad nature 广义性质
embody 体现
decisions 决策
procured 采购
runtime behavior 运行时行为

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Designing the data storage architecture is an important activity in system design.
设计数据存储体系结构是系统设计中的重要活动。
There are two main types of data storage formats: files and databases.
数据存储格式主要有两种类型：文件和数据库。
Files are electronic of data that have been optimized to perform a particular transaction.
文件是经过电子优化的数据，可以执行特定的交易。
There are several types of files that differ in the way they are used to support an application.
有几种类型的文件，它们在支持应用程序的方式上有所不同。
（ Master files）store core information that is important to the business and , more specifically , to the application , such as order information or customer mailing information .
（主文件）存储对业务（尤其是对应用程序）重要的核心信息，例如订单信息或客户邮件信息。
（Audit files）contain static values , such as a list of valid codes or the names of cities . Typically, the list is used for validation.
（审核文件）包含静态值，例如有效代码列表或城市名称。通常，该列表用于验证。
A database is a collection of groupings of information that are related to each other in some way.
数据库是以某种方式彼此相关的信息分组的集合。
There are many different types of databases that exist on the market today.
当今市场上存在许多不同类型的数据库。
（Legacy database）is given to those databases which are based on older , sometimes outdated technology that is seldom used to develop new applications .
（传统数据库）是为那些基于较旧，有时过时的技术（很少用于开发新应用程序）的数据库而提供的。
（Hierarchical database）are collections of records that are related to each other through pointers In relational database , （referential integrity）can be used in ensuring that values linking the tables together through the primary and foreign keys are valid and correctly synchronize.
（分层数据库）是通过指针相互关联的记录的集合。在关系数据库中，（参照完整性）可用于确保通过主键和外键将表链接在一起的值有效并且正确同步。

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生活不易，且行且珍惜

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