AI programming with python-Intro to python

1, python 中的算术符号：

addition +
subtraction -
multiplication *
division /
exponentiation $\ast \ast$ (注意乘方不是^)
modulo %
integer division // (无论正数、负数，都向下取整)

2, 赋值操作

=，-=，+=等等(直接在变量后++在python中不可用，在C中和perl中都可以)

3, 对标准类型进行分类

以访问模型分类：

分类	python类型
直接访问	数字
顺序访问	字符串，列表，元祖
映射访问	字典

以标准类型分类：

数据类型	存储模型	更新模型	访问模型
数字	标量	不可更改	直接访问
字符串	标量	不可更改	顺序访问
列表	容器	可更改	顺序访问
元祖	容器	不可更改	顺序访问
字典	容器	可更改	映射访问

集合访问也没有顺序，分为可变集和不可变集。可变集合是不可哈希的，不能作为字典的键和其它集合的元素；不可变集合有固定的哈希值，可以作为字典的键和其它集合的元素。

4, membership操作

字符串和列表都可以用in或者not in来判断有没有某个元素存在

5, 应用在list中的函数

min(), max(), sorted()，如果是对只有数字的列表进行比较，则根据数值的大小；如果是对只有字符串的列表进行比较，则根据字符的排序顺序（ASCII码）决定大小；如果既包含数字，又包含字母，则报错。

列表是允许不同类型的元素混合在一起的，如int型和str型混合；使用join函数时需将元素都转化成str。

6, 对字典进行赋值

dict_test = {‘a’:1, ‘b’:2}
dict_test[‘a’]输出为1

7, identity操作

is, is not
==, !=
is比较两个变量是否有相同的内存地址，$==$则判断两个变量是否相同（比如调用__eq__等方法）。比较是否为None对象时，要用is

8，python将bool值判为0的情况

1，constants defined to be false: None and False
2，zero of any numeric type: 0, 0.0, 0j, Decimal(0), Fraction(0, 1)
3，empty sequences and collections: '"", (), [], {}, set(), range(0)

9, iterable对象

an object that can return one of its elements at a time

10，pop()函数，取出list的最后一个元素，跟append()功能相反

11，用yield可以在函数中创建迭代器，可以进行i.e. for … in …之类的循环操作（普通的函数进行这种操作就会报错）。创建的迭代器是一次性的，用一次就失效了，看下面的代码：

def my_range(x):
    i = 0
    while i < x:
        yield i
        i += 1
y = my_range(5)
for x in y:
    print(x)

for x in y:
    print(x)
# 整个代码的输出为
0
1
2
3
4
# 第二次迭代y根本没有起到作用

12，方括号生成列表解析式，圆括号生成发生器：

sq_list = [x**2 for x in range(10)]  # this produces a list of squares

sq_iterator = (x**2 for x in range(10))  # this produces an iterator of squares

13，exceptions for python

ValueError: An object of the correct type but inappropriate value is passed as input to a built-in operation or function.
AssertionError: An assert statement fails.
IndexError: A sequence subscript is out of range.
KeyError: A key can’t be found in a dictionary.
TypeError: An object of an unsupported type is passed as input to an operation or function.

BaseException
 +-- SystemExit
 +-- KeyboardInterrupt
 +-- GeneratorExit
 +-- Exception
      +-- StopIteration
      +-- StopAsyncIteration
      +-- ArithmeticError
      |    +-- FloatingPointError
      |    +-- OverflowError
      |    +-- ZeroDivisionError
      +-- AssertionError
      +-- AttributeError
      +-- BufferError
      +-- EOFError
      +-- ImportError
      |    +-- ModuleNotFoundError
      +-- LookupError
      |    +-- IndexError
      |    +-- KeyError
      +-- MemoryError
      +-- NameError
      |    +-- UnboundLocalError
      +-- OSError
      |    +-- BlockingIOError
      |    +-- ChildProcessError
      |    +-- ConnectionError
      |    |    +-- BrokenPipeError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionAbortedError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionRefusedError
      |    |    +-- ConnectionResetError
      |    +-- FileExistsError
      |    +-- FileNotFoundError
      |    +-- InterruptedError
      |    +-- IsADirectoryError
      |    +-- NotADirectoryError
      |    +-- PermissionError
      |    +-- ProcessLookupError
      |    +-- TimeoutError
      +-- ReferenceError
      +-- RuntimeError
      |    +-- NotImplementedError
      |    +-- RecursionError
      +-- SyntaxError
      |    +-- IndentationError
      |         +-- TabError
      +-- SystemError
      +-- TypeError
      +-- ValueError
      |    +-- UnicodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeDecodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeEncodeError
      |         +-- UnicodeTranslateError
      +-- Warning
           +-- DeprecationWarning
           +-- PendingDeprecationWarning
           +-- RuntimeWarning
           +-- SyntaxWarning
           +-- UserWarning
           +-- FutureWarning
           +-- ImportWarning
           +-- UnicodeWarning
           +-- BytesWarning
           +-- ResourceWarning

14, with关键字在文件访问完自动关闭

This with keyword allows you to open a file, do operations on it, and automatically close it after the indented code is executed.

15, python中__name__ == 'main’的作用是方便其他脚本调用这个module时，不用执行该module中的命令。

16，Useful Third-Party Packages

IPython - A better interactive Python interpreter
requests - Provides easy to use methods to make web requests. Useful for accessing web APIs.
Flask - a lightweight framework for making web applications and APIs.
Django - A more featureful framework for making web applications. Django is particularly good for designing complex, content heavy, web applications.
Beautiful Soup - Used to parse HTML and extract information from it. Great for web scraping.
pytest - extends Python's builtin assertions and unittest module.
PyYAML - For reading and writing YAML files.
NumPy - The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains among other things a powerful N-dimensional array object and useful linear algebra capabilities.
pandas - A library containing high-performance, data structures and data analysis tools. In particular, pandas provides dataframes!
matplotlib - a 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments.
ggplot - Another 2D plotting library, based on R's ggplot2 library.
Pillow - The Python Imaging Library adds image processing capabilities to your Python interpreter.
pyglet - A cross-platform application framework intended for game development.
Pygame - A set of Python modules designed for writing games.
pytz - World Timezone Definitions for Python