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在前一章节我们已经创建了我们的第一个DirectX3D项目，但是只是显示一个灰色的窗口而已，并没有进行相应的
绘图操作。那么今天，我们就来让窗口变得更漂亮一些。
今天主要讲通过顶点缓冲区绘制图形。什么是顶点缓冲区？顶点缓冲区就是用来保存顶点数据的内存缓冲区，在DirectX3D中由COM接口IDirectVertexBuffer9表示，顶点缓冲区中顶点的数据就决定了渲染到屏幕上的效果。
LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 g_pVB = NULL; // Buffer to hold vertices 顶点数据可以包含坐标、颜色等属性，而具体使用什么属性，可以使用灵活顶点格式（FVF）规定顶点的格式。FVF中包含了多种属性，我们可以根据我们的需要来定义我们的顶点数据格式，以逻辑或（|）连接即可，如下：
// A structure for our custom vertex type
struct CUSTOMVERTEX
{
FLOAT x, y, z, rhw; // The transformed position for the vertex
DWORD color; // The vertex color
};
// Our custom FVF, which describes our custom vertex structure
#define D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX (D3DFVF_XYZRHW|D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)定义了顶点格式之后，我们就来初始化我们的顶点缓冲区。这里，定义了一个初始化函数InitVB：
HRESULT InitVB()
{
// Initialize three vertices for rendering a triangle
CUSTOMVERTEX vertices[] =
{
{ 150.0f, 50.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0xffff0000, }, // x, y, z, rhw, color
{ 250.0f, 250.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0xff00ff00,},
{ 50.0f, 250.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0xff00ffff, },
};
// Create the vertex buffer. Here we are allocating enough memory
// (from the default pool) to hold all our 3 custom vertices. We also
// specify the FVF, so the vertex buffer knows what data it contains.
if (FAILED(g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexBuffer(3 * sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX),
0, D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX,
D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_pVB, NULL)))
{
return E_FAIL;
}
// Now we fill the vertex buffer. To do this, we need to Lock() the VB to
// gain access to the vertices. This mechanism is required becuase vertex
// buffers may be in device memory.
VOID* pVertices;
if (FAILED(g_pVB->Lock(0, sizeof(vertices), (void**)&pVertices, 0)))
return E_FAIL;
memcpy(pVertices, vertices, sizeof(vertices));
g_pVB->Unlock();
return S_OK;
}在InitVB中，首先定义图形的顶点，在此我们初始化了一个三角形的三个顶点，存放在vertices数组中（注意：顶点的填充顺序与裁剪方式有关，默认是顺时针，可以通过g_pDevice->SetRenderState(…)进行设置，以后我们会进行讲解）。g_pDevice是有效的DirectX3D设备指针，CreateVertexBuffer方法就是创建顶点缓冲区的方法，第一个参数表示要创建的顶点缓冲区的大小（字节数），在此我们设置为数组的大小；第二个参数表示顶点缓冲区的属性，在此设置为0；第三个参数表示灵活顶点格式，设置为定义好的CUSTOMVERTEX；第四个参数表示顶点缓冲区内存类型，从枚举类型D3DPOOL（内存池）中选择，在此选择默认类型D3DPOOL_DEFAULT（）；第五个参数就是顶点缓冲区接口的地址；第六个参数是保留参数，在此设置为NULL。
顶点缓冲区创建好了之后，我们需要将vertexes中的数据填充进去，这时，我们需要两个函数：Lock()、Unlock()。在对顶点缓冲区进行修改时，必须先后调用加锁与解锁方法，然后通过memcpy方法，将数据拷贝到缓冲区中即可。
到此，顶点缓冲区就初始化完毕了。然后在消息循环之前调用此方法以使顶点缓冲区有效。
再就是Render()方法，
VOID Render()
{
// Clear the backbuffer to a blue color
g_pd3dDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 0, 255), 1.0f, 0);
// Begin the scene
if (SUCCEEDED(g_pd3dDevice->BeginScene()))
{
// Draw the triangles in the vertex buffer. This is broken into a few
// steps. We are passing the vertices down a "stream", so first we need
// to specify the source of that stream, which is our vertex buffer. Then
// we need to let D3D know what vertex shader to use. Full, custom vertex
// shaders are an advanced topic, but in most cases the vertex shader is
// just the FVF, so that D3D knows what type of vertices we are dealing
// with. Finally, we call DrawPrimitive() which does the actual rendering
// of our geometry (in this case, just one triangle).
g_pd3dDevice->SetStreamSource(0, g_pVB, 0, sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX));
g_pd3dDevice->SetFVF(D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX);
//The first parameter accepted by DrawPrimitive is a flag that tells Direct3D what type of primitives to draw
//This sample uses the flag D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST to specify a list of triangles.
//The second parameter is the index of the first vertex to load.
//The third parameter tells the number of primitives to draw.
//Because this sample draws only one triangle, this value is set to 1.
//g_pd3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_SHADEMODE, D3DSHADE_GOURAUD);
g_pd3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 1);
// End the scene
g_pd3dDevice->EndScene();
}
// Present the backbuffer contents to the display
g_pd3dDevice->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}
Render()方法主要调用了三个方法SetStreamSource、SetFVF、DrawPrimitive。
SetStreamSource方法的作用是将顶点缓冲区与渲染数据流连接起来，第一个参数表示与顶点缓冲区链接的渲染数据流的编号（>=0）；第二个参数表示顶点缓冲区接口指针；第三个参数表示渲染数据流的起始位置；第四个参数表示相邻顶点距离的字节数，在此为VERTEX结构体CUSTOMVERTEX的大小。
SetFVF方法设置渲染数据流的灵活顶点格式，在此设置自己定义的CUSTOMVERTEX。
DrawPrimitive就是用来绘制渲染数据流中图元的方法。其中有三个参数，分别为，第一个参数表示渲染的图元类型，在此为D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST（三角形列表）；第二个参数表示从顶点缓冲区的第几个顶点开始绘制；第三个参数表示绘制的图元的数量。
最后别忘了在Cleanup方法中将g_pVB接口Release掉，
VOID Cleanup()
{
if (g_pVB != NULL)
g_pVB->Release();
if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL)
g_pd3dDevice->Release();
if (g_pD3D != NULL)
g_pD3D->Release();
}保存修改，按Ctrl+F5运行项目，效果如下：
下面是main.c源代码：
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// File: Vertices.cpp
//
// Desc: In this tutorial, we are rendering some vertices. This introduces the
// concept of the vertex buffer, a Direct3D object used to store
// vertices. Vertices can be defined any way we want by defining a
// custom structure and a custom FVF (flexible vertex format). In this
// tutorial, we are using vertices that are transformed (meaning they
// are already in 2D window coordinates) and lit (meaning we are not
// using Direct3D lighting, but are supplying our own colors).
//
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#pragma comment(lib, "d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib, "d3dx9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"winmm.lib")
#include <d3d9.h>
#include "Windows.h"
#include <mmsystem.h>
#pragma warning( disable : 4996 ) // disable deprecated warning
#include <strsafe.h>
#pragma warning( default : 4996 )
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Global variables
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LPDIRECT3D9 g_pD3D = NULL; // Used to create the D3DDevice
LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 g_pd3dDevice = NULL; // Our rendering device
LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 g_pVB = NULL; // Buffer to hold vertices
// A structure for our custom vertex type
struct CUSTOMVERTEX
{
FLOAT x, y, z, rhw; // The transformed position for the vertex
DWORD color; // The vertex color
};
// Our custom FVF, which describes our custom vertex structure
#define D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX (D3DFVF_XYZRHW|D3DFVF_DIFFUSE)
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: InitD3D()
// Desc: Initializes Direct3D
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT InitD3D(HWND hWnd)
{
// Create the D3D object.
if (NULL == (g_pD3D = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION)))
return E_FAIL;
// Set up the structure used to create the D3DDevice
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
// Create the D3DDevice
if (FAILED(g_pD3D->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, hWnd,
D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,
&d3dpp, &g_pd3dDevice)))
{
return E_FAIL;
}
// Device state would normally be set here
return S_OK;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: InitVB()
// Desc: Creates a vertex buffer and fills it with our vertices. The vertex
// buffer is basically just a chuck of memory that holds vertices. After
// creating it, we must Lock()/Unlock() it to fill it. For indices, D3D
// also uses index buffers. The special thing about vertex and index
// buffers is that they can be created in device memory, allowing some
// cards to process them in hardware, resulting in a dramatic
// performance gain.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
HRESULT InitVB()
{
// Initialize three vertices for rendering a triangle
CUSTOMVERTEX vertices[] =
{
{ 150.0f, 50.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0xffff0000, }, // x, y, z, rhw, color
{ 250.0f, 250.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0xff00ff00, },
{ 50.0f, 250.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 0xff00ffff, },
};
// Create the vertex buffer. Here we are allocating enough memory
// (from the default pool) to hold all our 3 custom vertices. We also
// specify the FVF, so the vertex buffer knows what data it contains.
if (FAILED(g_pd3dDevice->CreateVertexBuffer(3 * sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX),
0, D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX,
D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_pVB, NULL)))
{
return E_FAIL;
}
// Now we fill the vertex buffer. To do this, we need to Lock() the VB to
// gain access to the vertices. This mechanism is required becuase vertex
// buffers may be in device memory.
VOID* pVertices;
if (FAILED(g_pVB->Lock(0, sizeof(vertices), (void**)&pVertices, 0)))
return E_FAIL;
memcpy(pVertices, vertices, sizeof(vertices));
g_pVB->Unlock();
return S_OK;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: Cleanup()
// Desc: Releases all previously initialized objects
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOID Cleanup()
{
if (g_pVB != NULL)
g_pVB->Release();
if (g_pd3dDevice != NULL)
g_pd3dDevice->Release();
if (g_pD3D != NULL)
g_pD3D->Release();
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: Render()
// Desc: Draws the scene
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOID Render()
{
// Clear the backbuffer to a blue color
g_pd3dDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 0, 255), 1.0f, 0);
// Begin the scene
if (SUCCEEDED(g_pd3dDevice->BeginScene()))
{
// Draw the triangles in the vertex buffer. This is broken into a few
// steps. We are passing the vertices down a "stream", so first we need
// to specify the source of that stream, which is our vertex buffer. Then
// we need to let D3D know what vertex shader to use. Full, custom vertex
// shaders are an advanced topic, but in most cases the vertex shader is
// just the FVF, so that D3D knows what type of vertices we are dealing
// with. Finally, we call DrawPrimitive() which does the actual rendering
// of our geometry (in this case, just one triangle).
g_pd3dDevice->SetStreamSource(0, g_pVB, 0, sizeof(CUSTOMVERTEX));
g_pd3dDevice->SetFVF(D3DFVF_CUSTOMVERTEX);
//The first parameter accepted by DrawPrimitive is a flag that tells Direct3D what type of primitives to draw
//This sample uses the flag D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST to specify a list of triangles.
//The second parameter is the index of the first vertex to load.
//The third parameter tells the number of primitives to draw.
//Because this sample draws only one triangle, this value is set to 1.
//g_pd3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_SHADEMODE, D3DSHADE_GOURAUD);
g_pd3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST, 0, 1);
// End the scene
g_pd3dDevice->EndScene();
}
// Present the backbuffer contents to the display
g_pd3dDevice->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: MsgProc()
// Desc: The window's message handler
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LRESULT WINAPI MsgProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
switch (msg)
{
case WM_DESTROY:
Cleanup();
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
}
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Name: wWinMain()
// Desc: The application's entry point
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
INT WINAPI wWinMain(HINSTANCE hInst, HINSTANCE, LPWSTR, INT)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(hInst);
// Register the window class
WNDCLASSEX wc =
{
sizeof(WNDCLASSEX), CS_CLASSDC, MsgProc, 0L, 0L,
GetModuleHandle(NULL), NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
L"D3D Tutorial", NULL
};
RegisterClassEx(&wc);
// Create the application's window
HWND hWnd = CreateWindow(L"D3D Tutorial", L"D3D Tutorial 02: Vertices",
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, 100, 100, 300, 300,
NULL, NULL, wc.hInstance, NULL);
// Initialize Direct3D
if (SUCCEEDED(InitD3D(hWnd)))
{
// Create the vertex buffer
if (SUCCEEDED(InitVB()))
{
// Show the window
ShowWindow(hWnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT);
UpdateWindow(hWnd);
// Enter the message loop
MSG msg;
ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(msg));
while (msg.message != WM_QUIT)
{
if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0U, 0U, PM_REMOVE))
{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);
}
else
Render();
}
}
}
UnregisterClass(L"D3D Tutorial", wc.hInstance);
return 0;
}
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