level set method reinitialization (水平集方法的重初始化)

    1  回顾

       水平集方法LSM使用了背景网格。不同于VOF,MPM等采用背景网格节点插值界面的构造方式,在于LSM采用 phi 函数隐式描述界面, phi函数是从微分几何过来的,图像学里面叫,曲线演化。LSM对于几何信息(诸如法向量,曲率)描述精确。界面演化由全局演化方程描述,(即上一篇中使用的演化方程,并不局限解界面演化,实际上是用来更新全域演化信息。所以它需要将已知在界面上的速度场扩展到全局的速度场,当然为了计算节省。采用窄带LSM等,就是限制计算域在界面附近的区域,而不跟新远场信息)

      演化方程迭代若干步,若水平集函数梯度 phi_grad 变化剧烈,就需要reinitialization.  一般通过求解  d phi/ dt = sig(phi_0) (1 - norm(phi_grad)) 得到新 phi。该方程的稳态解自动满足 norm(phi_grad) = 1 ,即意味着在重初始化计算中,界面不用改变。这正是所希望的。

      Kevin T. Chu LSMLIB    

      UCB  LSM


   2  重初始化方程

      d  phi/ dt + sig(phi_0) ( 1- norm

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Level Set Methods and Dynamic Implicit Surfaces Contents Preface vii Color Insert (facing page 146) I Implicit Surfaces 1 1 Implicit Functions 3 1.1 Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4 Geometry Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.5 Calculus Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Signed Distance Functions 17 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Distance Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.3 Signed Distance Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.4 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.5 Geometry and Calculus Toolboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 II Level Set Methods 23 3 Motion in an Externally Generated Velocity Field 25 3.1 Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 Upwind Dierencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.3 Hamilton-Jacobi ENO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.4 Hamilton-Jacobi WENO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5 TVD Runge-Kutta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4 Motion Involving Mean Curvature 41 4.1 Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2 Numerical Discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.3 Convection-Diusion Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5 Hamilton-Jacobi Equations 47 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 5.2 Connection with Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 5.3 Numerical Discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 5.3.1 Lax-Friedrichs Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 5.3.2 The Roe-Fix Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.3.3 Godunovs Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6 Motion in the Normal Direction 55 6.1 The Basic Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.2 Numerical Discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.3 Adding a Curvature-Dependent Term . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.4 Adding an External Velocity Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 7 Constructing Signed Distance Functions 63 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 7.2 Reinitialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7.3 Crossing Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 7.4 The Reinitialization Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 7.5 The Fast Marching Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 8 Extrapolation in the Normal Direction 75 8.1 One-Way Extrapolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8.2 Two-Way Extrapolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 8.3 Fast Marching Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 9 Particle Level Set Method 79 9.1 Eulerian Versus Lagrangian Representations . . . . . . . 79 9.2 Using Particles to Preserve Characteristics . . . . . . . . 82 10 Codimension-Two Objects 87 10.1 Intersecting Two Level Set Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 87 10.2 Modeling Curves in 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 10.3 Open Curves and Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 10.4 Geometric Optics in a Phase-Space-Based Level Set Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 …… ……
测试新手学习宝典 系统测试的基本方法    计算机软件是基于计算机系统的一个要组成部分,软件开发完毕后应与系统中其它成分集成在一起,此时需要进行一系列系统集成和确认测试。对这些测试的详细讨论已超出软件工程的范围,这些测试也不可能仅由软件开发人员完成。在系统测试之前,软件工程师应完成下列工作:   (1) 为测试软件系统的输入信息设计出错处理通路;   (2) 设计测试用例,模拟错误数据和软件界面可能发生的错误,记录测试结果,为系统测试提供经验和帮助;   (3) 参与系统测试的规划和设计,保证软件测试的合理性。   系统测试应该由若干个不同测试组成,目的是充分运行系统,验证系统各部件是否都能政党工作并完成所赋予的任务。下面简单讨论几类系统测试。 1、恢复测试   恢复测试主要检查系统的容错能力。当系统出错时,能否在指定时间间隔内修正错误并重新启动系统。恢复测试首先要采用各种办法强迫系统失败,然后验证系统是否能尽快恢复。对于自动恢复需验证重新初始化(reinitialization)、检查点(checkpointing mechanisms)、数据恢复(data recovery)和重新启动 (restart)等机制的正确性;对于人工干预的恢复系统,还需估测平均修复时间,确定其是否在可接受的范围内。 2、安全测试   安全测试检查系统对非法侵入的防范能力。安全测试期间,测试人员假扮非法入侵者,采用各种办法试图突破防线。例如,①想方设法截取或破译口令;②专门定做软件破坏系统的保护机制;③故意导致系统失败,企图趁恢复之机非法进入;④试图通过浏览非保密数据,推导所需信息,等等。理论上讲,只要有足够的时间和资源,没有不可进入的系统。因此系统安全设计的准则是,使非法侵入的代价超过被保护信息的价值。此时非法侵入者已无利可图。 3、强度测试   强度测试检查程序对异常情况的抵抗能力。强度测试总是迫使系统在异常的资源配置下运行。例如,①当中断的正常频率为每秒一至两个时,运行每秒产生十个中断的测试用例;②定量地增长数据输入率,检查输入子功能的反映能力;③运行需要最大存储空间(或其他资源)的测试用例;④运行可能导致虚存操作系统崩溃或磁盘数据剧烈抖动的测试用例,等等。 4、 性能测试   对于那些实时和嵌入式系统,软件部分即使满足功能要求,也未必能够满足性能要求,虽然从单元测试起,每一测试步骤都包含性能测试,但只有当系统真正集成之后,在真实环境中才能全面、可靠地测试运行性能系统性能测试是为了完成这一任务。性能测试有时与强度测试相结合,经常需要其他软硬件的配套支持。
Core name: Xilinx LogiCORE Serial RapidIO Version: 5.5 Release Date: April 19, 2010 ================================================================================ This document contains the following sections: 1. Introduction 2. New Features 3. Supported Devices 4. Resolved Issues 5. Known Issues 6. Technical Support 7. Other Information (optional) 8. Core Release History 9. Legal Disclaimer ================================================================================ 1. INTRODUCTION For the most recent updates to the IP installation instructions for this core, please go to: http://www.xilinx.com/ipcenter/coregen/ip_update_install_instructions.htm For system requirements: http://www.xilinx.com/ipcenter/coregen/ip_update_system_requirements.htm This file contains release notes for the Xilinx LogiCORE IP Serial RapidIO v5.5 solution. For the latest core updates, see the product page at: http://www.xilinx.com/rapidio/ 2. NEW FEATURES - ISE 12.1 software support - Designed to RapidIO Interconnect Specification v2.1 - Virtex-6 LXT/HXT/SXT 5.0 Gbps support - Spartan-6 3.125 Gbps and 4x support - Expanded simulator support - Support for ML505, ML605 and SP605 boards (see Release Notes AR for details) 3. SUPPORTED DEVICES - Virtex-6 LXT/HXT/SXT/CXT - Spartan-6 LXT - Virtex-5 LXT/FXT/SXT - Virtex-4 FX 4. RESOLVED ISSUES - PHY does not properly pass CRF bit to Buffer - Version fixed : v5.5 - CR# 519603 - Updated PHY to properly pass CRF - GT settings for Spartan-6 and Virtex-6 updated based on characterization - Version fixed : v5.5 - PORT_INITIALIZED toggles indefinitely - Version fixed : v5.5 - CR# 551271 - GT wrappers updated so that the core will detect invalid data until RESETDONE asserts. - Processing Element Features CAR implemented incorrectly - Version fixed : v5.5 - CR# 528369 - Part of the PEF CAR was implemented in the PHY configuration space, now it is merged into the LOGIO configuration space as directed by the spec. See core User Guide for map of configuration space. - Recommended modifications to Example Design reset scheme - Version fixed : v5.5 - CR# 533208, 533209, 533212 - Updated reset sequence, see AR# 33574 for specifics. - Example design "implement.bat" file has error - Version fixed : v5.5 - CR# 533796 - Corrected syntax for NGDBuild command. - Virtex-6 clock modules not using production MMCM settings - Version fixed : v5.4rev1 - CR#546021 - Using outdated values from the clocking wizard in clock modules. - Buffer BRAM using READ_FIRST mode - Version fixed : v5.4rev1 - CR#546424 - Using READ_FIRST mode for buffer BRAMs - need to update to WRITE_FIRST mode for Spartan-6 and Virtex-6 based on characterization. - VHDL example design simulation error when CRF bit de-selected - Version fixed : v5.4rev1 - CR# 532020 - Updated example design so that CRF signals not added when CRF support is disabled. - Virtex-6 bring-up issues - Version fixed : v5.4 - CR#527725, CR#525309, CR#531695 - Using integer values for the MMCM_ADV, regenerated Virtex-6 wrappers based on general hardware characterization results, revised reset sequence. Please see core Release Notes for updates. - GUI settings incorrect or not properly reflected in hardware. - Version fixed : v5.4 - CR#507334, CR#528369, CR#528370 / AR#32122 - The following register fields were corrected: Re-transmit Suppression mask, Logical Layer extended features pointer, DeviceVendorID. - Latches inferred in VHDL example design - Version fixed: v5.2 - CR#509670 / AR#32189 - Added intermediate values for partial register and combinational assignments. - lnk_trdy_n does not assert in evaluation core simulations - Version fixed : v5.1rev1 - CR#493479 / AR#31864 - Modified initial state in evaluation cores. - PHY won't generate stand-alone due to missing module - Version fixed : v5.1rev1 - CR#493162 / AR#31834 - Shared file between buffer and log added to buffer file list. - Virtex-4 core has long initialization time - Version fixed : v5.1rev1 - CR#481684 / AR#31617 - Virtex-4 initSM modified to prevent branch to silent when RX PCS resets in DISCOVERY state. - LogIO local arbitration doesn't account for valid causing re-arbitration prior to legitimatepacket completion. - Version fixed : v5.1 - CR#478748 - Valid used to gate mresp_eof_n and iresp_eof_n for local arbitration. - A ireq_dsc_n asserted for an undefined packet type does not get propogated by the logical layer. - Version fixed : v5.1 - CR#478541 - undefined packet type decode now passes dsc to buffer allowing packet to be dropped. - 16-bit deviceID cores may see a maintenance response transaction presented but not validated on the IResp interface resulting in a lost transaction. by the logical layer. - Version fixed : v5.1 - CR#474894 - Fixed issue when the maintenance response is followed immediatly by a single DWord SWrite packet. - SourceID not configureable for IReq port. - Version fixed : v5.1 - CR#473938 - Added ireq_src_id port to logical layer. All transmit source IDs should now be configureable and all received destination IDs observable. - Write enables into LogIO registers aren't allowing partial register writes. - Version fixed : v5.1 - CR#473441 - Write enables now implementedfor all LogIO registers allowing byte-wise writes of CSRs such as the deviceID register and BAR. - Message response transaction received as a user defined packet type using 16-bit device IDs appears as a corrupted packet on the IResp interface. - Version fixed : v5.1 - CR#473400, CR#473693 - Fixed LogIO RX to properly handle all user-defined types. - PHY core does not dsc upon retry when coincident with TX packet eof resulting in potential buffer lock-up - Version fixed : v4.4rev2 - CR#478246 / AR#31407 - lnk_tdst_dsc_n now asserted for all retry and error scenarios. - Retry of packet being sent causes packet to get stuck in buffer - Version fixed : v4.4rev2 - CR#477217 / AR#31318 - No longer applicable, v5.1 introduces new buffer. - Core accepts muddled packet when reinitializing during packet receipt - Version fixed : v4.4rev1 - CR#477115 / AR#31308 - Core PNAs packet in receipt when link goes down. - Core LCSBA implementation removes 64MB of possible addressing space. - Version fixed : v4.4 - CR#472992 / AR#30939 - Use 10-bit mask with full 34-bit address for LCSBA intercept. - CRC error on stalled packet - Version fixed : v4.4 - CR#469678 / AR#30940 - Fixed condition which loaded in new CRC sequence on a stall just after sof received by PHY. This is a non-concern for Xilinx buffer users. - Virtex-4 4x core may intermittenly train down to 1x mode - Version fixed : v4.4 - CR#467616 / AR#30314 - Modified oplm_pcs_rst_sequence.v file supplied with the core to register asynchronous TXLOCK and RXLOCK signals. - Re-initialization not forced following a change to Port Width Override - Version fixed : v4.4 - CR#459427 / AR#30323 - Modified PHY Layer to detect a change in the port width override field and reinitialize when updated. - Messaging packets providing incorrect treq_byte_count value - Version fixed : v4.4 - CR#467116 / AR#30320 - Modified Logical Layer to properly decode Messaging size field. Modified testbench to properly check byte count for messaging type packets. - 8-bit SWrite transactions usign 16-bit deviceIDs suffer lost eofs - Version fixed : v4.4 - CR#467668 / AR#30322 - Modified Logical Layer to properly forward eof through the pipeline. - Some Logical Layer CARs are not being set correctly in the core. - Version fixed : v4.4 - CR#458414 / AR#30054 - The following Logical Layer CARs are not being set correctly in the core: - Assembly Information CAR (offset 0xC) - ExtendedFeaturesPtr portion - Processing Element Features CAR (offset 0x10) - Switch Port Information CAR (offset 0x14) - Destination Operations CAR (offset 0x1C) - Switch Route Table Destination ID Limit CAR (offset 0x34) - Core does not have functionality to enable the user to drop unintended packets based on Device ID. - Version fixed: v4.3. - CR#455552 - Added a new port called deviceid which indicates the current Device ID value stored in the Base Device ID CSR. - Receive side buffer design may corrupt packets - user may see corrupted packets from the logical layer when many small packets cause the status FIFO to fill. - Version fixed: v4.2 - CR#447884 / AR#29263 - No longer applicable, v5.1 introduces new buffer. - Repeated, transmitted packet accepted control symbols referencing the same AckID cause loss of AckID sync - The user will see this as potentially duplicated received packets which ultimately result in a port error condition. - Version fixed: v4.2 - CR#444561 / AR#29233 - Modified the transmit encoder to send a single packet accepted symbol per back-to-back control symbol. - Stomped packet sent after RFR (Restart-from-Retry)control symbol - The user will occasionally see error recovery on a retry which will affect system bandwidth. - Version fixed: v4.2 - CR#435188 / AR#24837 - Modified the PHY interface to kill a packet if discontinued on eof and prevent entry to the buffer. 5. KNOWN ISSUES The following are known issues for v5.5 of this core at time of release: - NGDBuild errors when using ISE GUI unless XST Keep Hierarchy set to Soft - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#534514 / AR#33528 - Please reference the Answer Record for additional information and recommendations. - Virtex-4 FX 3.125G, 4x core may not meet timing. - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#506364 / AR#32195 - Please reference the Answer Record for additional information and recommendations. - Unable to traindown to x1 mode in Lane 2. - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#457109 / AR#30023 - Traindown in Lane 0 works successfully but the Serial RapidIO endpoint is unable to traindown to Lane 2. The RocketIO transceivers only allow traindown to the channel bonding master. - Core reinitialization during error recovery causes recoverable protocol error. - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#457885 / AR#30021 - This is an corner condition that could occur if core is forced to reinitialize (i.e. - force_reinit) while it is in the process of error recovery. If this condition occurs, packets will be sent during recovery's quiet period. This situation is recoverable. - Post-Synplicity synthesis implementation runs may exhibit ucf failures - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#447782 / AR#29522 - Synplicity generated net names are not consistent with XST generated names and may not be consistent between core types. The .ucf file must be edited in these failure cases. Please reference the Serial RapidIO v5.1 web Release Notes for suggested work around. - PNA cause field may occasionally reflect a reserved value - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#436767 / AR#24982 - The cause field is for debug purposes only and will not affect functionality. Occurrence is rare and requires alignment of multiple control symbols. - Control Symbols may be lost on reinit - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#436768 / AR#24970 - This is an unusual and ultimately recoverable error. Set the "Additional Link Request Before Fatal" value on the Physical Configuration page of the GUI to "4" in order to prevent a lost Link Request or Link Response from causing the core to enter the port error state. - Logical Rx does not support core side stalls - Version to be fixed : Fix Not Scheduled - CR#436770 / AR#24968 - The rx buffer must provide packets to the logical layer without buffer induced stall cycles. The buffer reference design provided with the core is a store and forward buffer and complies with this rule. The most recent information, including known issues, workarounds, and resolutions for this version is provided in the IP Release Notes Guide located at www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/user_guides/xtp025.pdf 6. TECHNICAL SUPPORT To obtain technical support, create a WebCase at www.xilinx.com/support. Questions are routed to a team with expertise using this product. Xilinx provides technical support for use of this product when used according to the guidelines described in the core documentation, and cannot guarantee timing, functionality, or support of this product for designs that do not follow specified guidelines. 7. OTHER INFORMATION - N/A 8. CORE RELEASE HISTORY Date By Version Description ================================================================================ 04/2010 Xilinx, Inc. 5.5 5.0 Gbps support 03/2010 Xilinx, Inc. 5.4 Revision 1 11.5 support/Patch Release 09/2009 Xilinx, Inc. 5.4 Spartan-6 support 06/2009 Xilinx, Inc. 5.3 Virtex-6 support 04/2009 Xilinx, Inc. 5.2 11.1i support 11/2008 Xilinx, Inc. 5.1 Revision 1 Patch Release 09/2008 Xilinx, Inc. 5.1 New Buffer LogiCore 07/2008 Xilinx, Inc. 4.4 Revision 2 Patch Release 07/2008 Xilinx, Inc. 4.4 Revision 1 Patch Release 06/2008 Xilinx, Inc. 4.4 Bug Fixes 03/2008 Xilinx, Inc. 4.3 10.1i support 10/2007 Xilinx, Inc. 4.2 9.2i support 02/2007 Xilinx, Inc. 4.1 9.1i support 02/2006 Xilinx, Inc. 3.1 Revision 1 Patch Release 01/2006 Xilinx, Inc. 3.1 8.1i support ================================================================================ 9. Legal Disclaimer (c) Copyright 2006 - 2010 Xilinx, Inc. All rights reserved. This file contains confidential and proprietary information of Xilinx, Inc. and is protected under U.S. and international copyright and other intellectual property laws. DISCLAIMER This disclaimer is not a license and does not grant any rights to the materials distributed herewith. Except as otherwise provided in a valid license issued to you by Xilinx, and to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law: (1) THESE MATERIALS ARE MADE AVAILABLE "AS IS" AND WITH ALL FAULTS, AND XILINX HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, EXPRESS, IMPLIED, OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON- INFRINGEMENT, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE; and (2) Xilinx shall not be liable (whether in contract or tort, including negligence, or under any other theory of liability) for any loss or damage of any kind or nature related to, arising under or in connection with these materials, including for any direct, or any indirect, special, incidental, or consequential loss or damage (including loss of data, profits, goodwill, or any type of loss or damage suffered as a result of any action brought by a third party) even if such damage or loss was reasonably foreseeable or Xilinx had been advised of the possibility of the same. CRITICAL APPLICATIONS Xilinx products are not designed or intended to be fail- safe, or for use in any application requiring fail-safe performance, such as life-support or safety devices or systems, Class III medical devices, nuclear facilities, applications related to the deployment of airbags, or any other applications that could lead to death, personal injury, or severe property or environmental damage (individually and collectively, "Critical Applications"). Customer assumes the sole risk and liability of any use of Xilinx products in Critical Applications, subject only to applicable laws and regulations governing limitations on product liability. THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER MUST BE RETAINED AS PART OF THIS FILE AT ALL TIMES.

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