2.5 设 X 1 , ⋯ , X n X_1,\cdots,X_n X1,⋯,Xn为取自正态总体 ξ = d N ( μ , σ 2 ) \xi\xlongequal {d}N(\mu,\sigma^2) ξdN(μ,σ2)的简单随机样本，求 P μ , σ 2 ( ξ > 1 ) P_{\mu,\sigma^2}(\xi>1) Pμ,σ2(ξ>1)的矩法估计量。
参考答案:
总体 ξ = d N ( μ , σ 2 ) \xi\xlongequal {d}N(\mu,\sigma^2) ξdN(μ,σ2)
总体矩:
{
μ
1
=
E
ξ
=
μ
μ
2
=
E
ξ
2
=
D
ξ
+
(
E
ξ
)
2
=
σ
2
+
μ
2
\left \{\begin{aligned}\mu_1&=E\xi=\mu\\ \mu_2&=E\xi^2=D\xi+(E\xi)^2=\sigma^2+\mu^2\end{aligned}\right.
{μ1μ2=Eξ=μ=Eξ2=Dξ+(Eξ)2=σ2+μ2
样本矩:
{
A
1
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
X
i
=
X
ˉ
A
2
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
X
i
2
\left\{\begin{aligned}A_1&=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}X_i=\bar{X}\\ A_2&=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}X_i^2\end{aligned}\right.
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧A1A2=n1i=1∑nXi=Xˉ=n1i=1∑nXi2
令
{
μ
1
=
A
1
μ
2
=
A
2
,
\left\{\begin{aligned}\mu_1 &=A_1\\ \mu_2&=A_2\end{aligned}\right.,
{μ1μ2=A1=A2,则
{
μ
^
=
X
ˉ
σ
^
2
=
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
(
X
i
−
X
ˉ
)
2
.
\left\{\begin{aligned}\widehat{\mu}&=\bar{X} \\ \widehat{\sigma}^2&=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}(X_i-\bar{X})^2\end{aligned}\right..
⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧μ
σ
2=Xˉ=n1i=1∑n(Xi−Xˉ)2.
P μ , σ 2 ( ξ > 1 ) = 1 − P μ , σ 2 ( ξ ≤ 1 ) = 1 − Φ ( 1 − μ σ ) P_{\mu,\sigma^2}(\xi>1)=1-P_{\mu,\sigma^2}(\xi\le 1)=1-\Phi(\frac{1-\mu}{\sigma}) Pμ,σ2(ξ>1)=1−Pμ,σ2(ξ≤1)=1−Φ(σ1−μ)
P
^
μ
,
σ
2
(
ξ
>
1
)
=
1
−
Φ
(
1
−
μ
^
σ
^
)
=
1
−
Φ
(
n
(
1
−
X
ˉ
)
∑
i
=
1
n
(
X
i
−
X
ˉ
)
2
)
\begin{aligned} \widehat{P}_{\mu,\sigma^2}(\xi>1) =& 1-\Phi(\frac{1-\widehat{\mu}}{\widehat{\sigma}}) \\ =& 1-\Phi(\frac{\sqrt{n}(1-\bar{X})}{\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(X_i-\bar{X})^2}})\end{aligned}
P
μ,σ2(ξ>1)==1−Φ(σ
1−μ
)1−Φ(∑i=1n(Xi−Xˉ)2n(1−Xˉ))
所以，
P
μ
,
σ
2
(
ξ
>
1
)
P_{\mu,\sigma^2}(\xi>1)
Pμ,σ2(ξ>1)的矩法估计量为
P
^
μ
,
σ
2
(
ξ
>
1
)
=
1
−
Φ
(
1
−
μ
^
σ
^
)
=
1
−
Φ
(
n
(
1
−
X
ˉ
)
∑
i
=
1
n
(
X
i
−
X
ˉ
)
2
)
\begin{aligned}\widehat{P}_{\mu,\sigma^2}(\xi>1)&=1-\Phi(\frac{1-\widehat{\mu}}{\widehat{\sigma}})\\&=1-\Phi(\frac{\sqrt{n}(1-\bar{X})}{\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(X_i-\bar{X})^2}})\end{aligned}
P
μ,σ2(ξ>1)=1−Φ(σ
1−μ
)=1−Φ(∑i=1n(Xi−Xˉ)2n(1−Xˉ))
注：用样本矩作为总体矩的估计。
2.6 设 X 1 , ⋯ , X n X_1,\cdots ,X_n X1,⋯,Xn为取自具有下列分布或密度(或离散概率分布)的简单随机样本，求未知参数的最大似然估计。
(1) p ( x ; θ ) = ( θ + 1 ) x θ I ( 0 , 1 ) ( x ) , θ > − 1. p(x;\theta)=(\theta+1)x^{\theta}I_{(0,1)}(x),\theta>-1. p(x;θ)=(θ+1)xθI(0,1)(x),θ>−1.
参考答案:
总体 X X X的分布密度为 p ( x ; θ ) = ( θ + 1 ) x θ I ( 0 , 1 ) ( x ) , θ > − 1. p(x;\theta)=(\theta+1)x^{\theta}I_{(0,1)}(x),\theta>-1. p(x;θ)=(θ+1)xθI(0,1)(x),θ>−1.
似然函数为
L
(
θ
)
=
∏
i
=
1
n
(
θ
+
1
)
x
i
θ
=
(
θ
+
1
)
n
(
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
)
θ
,
0
<
x
1
,
x
2
,
⋯
,
x
n
<
1
\begin{aligned}L(\theta)&=\prod_{i=1}^{n}(\theta+1)x_i^{\theta} \\&=(\theta+1)^n(\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i)^{\theta},\\&0< x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_n < 1 \end{aligned}
L(θ)=i=1∏n(θ+1)xiθ=(θ+1)n(i=1∏nxi)θ,0<x1,x2,⋯,xn<1
对数似然函数为
l
(
θ
)
=
l
n
L
(
θ
)
=
n
l
n
(
θ
+
1
)
+
θ
∑
i
=
1
n
l
n
x
i
,
l(\theta)=lnL(\theta)=nln(\theta+1)+\theta\sum_{i=1}^{n}lnx_i,
l(θ)=lnL(θ)=nln(θ+1)+θi=1∑nlnxi,
0
<
x
1
,
x
2
,
⋯
,
x
n
<
1
0< x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_n < 1
0<x1,x2,⋯,xn<1
令 d l ( θ ) d θ = n θ + 1 + ∑ i = 1 n l n x i = 0 , \frac{dl(\theta)}{d\theta}=\frac{n}{\theta+1}+\sum_{i=1}^{n}lnx_i=0, dθdl(θ)=θ+1n+i=1∑nlnxi=0,则 θ ^ = − 1 − n ∑ i = 1 n l n x i . \widehat{\theta}=-1-\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}lnx_i}. θ =−1−∑i=1nlnxin.
所以， θ \theta θ的最大似然估计为
θ ^ = − 1 − n ∑ i = 1 n l n x i . \widehat{\theta}=-1-\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}lnx_i}. θ =−1−∑i=1nlnxin.
(2) p ( x ; θ ) = a θ x a − 1 e − θ x a , θ > 0 , a p(x;\theta)=a\theta x^{a-1}e^{-\theta x^a},\theta>0,a p(x;θ)=aθxa−1e−θxa,θ>0,a为已知。
参考答案:
总体 X X X的分布密度为 p ( x ; θ ) = a θ x a − 1 e − θ x a , θ > 0 , a p(x;\theta)=a\theta x^{a-1}e^{-\theta x^a},\theta>0,a p(x;θ)=aθxa−1e−θxa,θ>0,a为已知。
似然函数为
L
(
θ
)
=
∏
i
=
1
n
a
θ
x
i
a
−
1
e
−
θ
x
i
a
=
a
n
θ
n
(
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
)
a
−
1
e
−
θ
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
a
\begin{aligned}L(\theta)&=\prod_{i=1}^{n}a\theta x_i^{a-1}e^{-\theta x_i^a} \\&=a^n\theta^n(\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i)^{a-1}e^{-\theta\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^a}\end{aligned}
L(θ)=i=1∏naθxia−1e−θxia=anθn(i=1∏nxi)a−1e−θ∑i=1nxia对数似然函数为
l
(
θ
)
=
l
n
L
(
θ
)
=
n
l
n
a
+
n
l
n
θ
+
(
a
−
1
)
∑
i
=
1
n
l
n
x
i
−
θ
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
a
\begin{aligned}l(\theta)&=lnL(\theta)\\&=nlna+nln\theta\\&+(a-1)\sum_{i=1}^{n}lnx_i-\theta\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^a\end{aligned}
l(θ)=lnL(θ)=nlna+nlnθ+(a−1)i=1∑nlnxi−θi=1∑nxia令
d
l
(
θ
)
d
θ
=
n
θ
−
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
a
=
0
,
\frac{dl(\theta)}{d\theta}=\frac{n}{\theta}-\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^a=0,
dθdl(θ)=θn−i=1∑nxia=0,则
θ
^
=
n
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
a
.
\widehat{\theta}=\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^a}.
θ
=∑i=1nxian.所以，
θ
\theta
θ的最大似然估计为
θ
^
=
n
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
a
.
\widehat{\theta}=\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^a}.
θ
=∑i=1nxian.
(3) Γ ( α , λ ) , α \Gamma(\alpha,\lambda),\alpha Γ(α,λ),α为已知。
参考答案:
总体
X
X
X的分布密度为
p
(
x
)
=
λ
α
Γ
(
α
)
x
α
−
1
e
−
λ
x
I
[
0
,
∞
)
(
x
)
p(x)=\frac{\lambda^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}x^{\alpha-1}e^{-\lambda x}I_{[0,\infty)}(x)
p(x)=Γ(α)λαxα−1e−λxI[0,∞)(x)似然函数为
L
(
λ
)
=
∏
i
=
1
n
λ
α
Γ
(
α
)
x
i
α
−
1
e
−
λ
x
i
=
λ
n
α
(
Γ
(
α
)
)
n
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
α
−
1
e
−
λ
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
\begin{aligned}L(\lambda)&=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\frac{\lambda^{\alpha}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}x_i^{\alpha-1}e^{-\lambda x_i}\\&=\frac{\lambda^{n\alpha}}{(\Gamma(\alpha))^n}{\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i}^{\alpha-1}e^{-\lambda\sum_{i=1}{n}x_i}\end{aligned}
L(λ)=i=1∏nΓ(α)λαxiα−1e−λxi=(Γ(α))nλnαi=1∏nxiα−1e−λ∑i=1nxi对数似然函数为
l
(
λ
)
=
l
n
L
(
λ
)
=
n
α
l
n
λ
−
n
l
n
Γ
(
α
)
+
(
α
−
1
)
∑
i
=
1
n
l
n
x
i
−
λ
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
\begin{aligned}l(\lambda)&=lnL(\lambda)\\&=n\alpha ln\lambda-nln\Gamma(\alpha)\\&+(\alpha-1)\sum_{i=1}^{n}lnx_i-\lambda\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i\end{aligned}
l(λ)=lnL(λ)=nαlnλ−nlnΓ(α)+(α−1)i=1∑nlnxi−λi=1∑nxi令
d
l
(
λ
)
d
λ
=
n
α
λ
−
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
=
0
,
\frac{dl(\lambda)}{d\lambda}=\frac{n\alpha}{\lambda}-\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i=0,
dλdl(λ)=λnα−i=1∑nxi=0,则
λ
^
=
n
α
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
=
α
x
ˉ
.
\widehat{\lambda}=\frac{n\alpha}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}=\frac{\alpha}{\bar{x}}.
λ
=∑i=1nxinα=xˉα.所以，
λ
\lambda
λ的最大似然估计为
λ
^
=
n
α
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
=
α
x
ˉ
.
\widehat{\lambda}=\frac{n\alpha}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}=\frac{\alpha}{\bar{x}}.
λ
=∑i=1nxinα=xˉα.
(4) p ( x ; σ ) = 1 2 σ e − ∣ x ∣ σ , σ > 0 p(x;\sigma)=\frac{1}{2\sigma}e^{-\frac{|x|}{\sigma}},\sigma>0 p(x;σ)=2σ1e−σ∣x∣,σ>0
参考答案:
总体
X
X
X的分布密度为
p
(
x
;
σ
)
=
1
2
σ
e
−
∣
x
∣
σ
,
σ
>
0
p(x;\sigma)=\frac{1}{2\sigma}e^{-\frac{|x|}{\sigma}},\sigma>0
p(x;σ)=2σ1e−σ∣x∣,σ>0似然函数为
L
(
σ
)
=
∏
i
=
1
n
1
2
σ
e
−
∣
x
i
∣
σ
=
1
2
n
σ
n
e
−
∑
i
=
1
n
∣
x
i
∣
σ
L(\sigma)=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{2\sigma}e^{-\frac{|x_i|}{\sigma}}=\frac{1}{2^n\sigma^n}e^{-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}|x_i|}{\sigma}}
L(σ)=i=1∏n2σ1e−σ∣xi∣=2nσn1e−σ∑i=1n∣xi∣对数似然函数为
l
(
σ
)
=
l
n
L
(
σ
)
=
−
n
l
n
2
−
n
l
n
σ
−
∑
i
=
1
n
∣
x
i
∣
σ
.
\begin{aligned}l(\sigma)&=lnL(\sigma)\\&=-nln2-nln\sigma-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}|x_i|}{\sigma}.\end{aligned}
l(σ)=lnL(σ)=−nln2−nlnσ−σ∑i=1n∣xi∣.令
d
l
(
σ
)
d
σ
=
−
n
σ
+
∑
i
=
1
n
∣
x
i
∣
σ
2
=
0
,
\frac{dl(\sigma)}{d\sigma}=-\frac{n}{\sigma}+\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}|x_i|}{\sigma^2}=0,
dσdl(σ)=−σn+σ2∑i=1n∣xi∣=0,则
σ
^
=
∑
i
=
1
n
∣
x
i
∣
n
.
\widehat{\sigma}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}|{x_i}|}{n}.
σ
=n∑i=1n∣xi∣.所以，
σ
\sigma
σ的最大似然估计为
σ
^
=
∑
i
=
1
n
∣
x
i
∣
n
.
\widehat{\sigma}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}|{x_i}|}{n}.
σ
=n∑i=1n∣xi∣.
(5) p ( x ; θ ) = m x m − 1 θ e x p [ − x m θ ] , p(x;\theta)=\frac{mx^{m-1}}{\theta}exp[-\frac{x^m}{\theta} ], p(x;θ)=θmxm−1exp[−θxm], θ > 0 , m \theta>0,m θ>0,m为已知。
参考答案:
总体 X X X的分布密度为 p ( x ; θ ) = m x m − 1 θ e x p [ − x m θ ] , θ > 0 , m p(x;\theta)=\frac{mx^{m-1}}{\theta}exp[-\frac{x^m}{\theta} ],\theta>0,m p(x;θ)=θmxm−1exp[−θxm],θ>0,m为已知。
似然函数为
L
(
θ
)
=
∏
i
=
1
n
m
x
i
m
−
1
θ
e
−
x
i
m
θ
=
m
n
θ
n
(
∏
i
=
1
n
x
i
)
m
−
1
e
−
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
m
θ
.
\begin{aligned}L(\theta)&=\prod_{i=1}^{n}\frac{mx_i^{m-1}}{\theta}e^{-\frac{x_i^m}{\theta} }\\&=\frac{m^n}{\theta^n}(\prod_{i=1}^{n}x_i)^{m-1}e^{-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^m}{\theta} }.\end{aligned}
L(θ)=i=1∏nθmxim−1e−θxim=θnmn(i=1∏nxi)m−1e−θ∑i=1nxim.对数似然函数为
l
(
θ
)
=
l
n
L
(
θ
)
=
n
l
n
m
−
n
l
n
θ
+
(
m
−
1
)
∑
i
=
1
n
l
n
x
i
−
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
m
θ
.
\begin{aligned}l(\theta)&=lnL(\theta)\\&=nlnm-nln\theta\\&+(m-1)\sum_{i=1}^{n}lnx_i-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^m}{\theta} .\end{aligned}
l(θ)=lnL(θ)=nlnm−nlnθ+(m−1)i=1∑nlnxi−θ∑i=1nxim.令
d
l
(
θ
)
d
θ
=
−
n
θ
+
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
m
θ
2
=
0
,
\frac{dl(\theta)}{d\theta}=-\frac{n}{\theta}+\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i^m}{\theta^2} =0,
dθdl(θ)=−θn+θ2∑i=1nxim=0,则
θ
^
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
m
n
.
\widehat{\theta}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{x_i}^m}{n}.
θ
=n∑i=1nxim.所以，
θ
\theta
θ的最大似然估计为
θ
^
=
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
m
n
.
\widehat{\theta}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}{x_i}^m}{n}.
θ
=n∑i=1nxim.
(6) P ( ξ = k ) = p ( 1 − p ) k − 1 , P(\xi=k)=p(1-p)^{k-1}, P(ξ=k)=p(1−p)k−1, k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , p ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) . k=1,2,\cdots,p\in(0,1). k=1,2,⋯,p∈(0,1).
参考答案:
总体 X X X的分布律为 P ( X = k ) = p ( 1 − p ) k − 1 , P(X=k)=p(1-p)^{k-1}, P(X=k)=p(1−p)k−1, k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , p ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) . k=1,2,\cdots,p\in(0,1). k=1,2,⋯,p∈(0,1).
似然函数为
L
(
p
)
=
∏
i
=
1
n
p
(
1
−
p
)
x
i
−
1
=
p
n
(
1
−
p
)
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
−
n
,
x
i
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
,
i
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
.
\begin{aligned}L(p)&=\prod_{i=1}^{n}p(1-p)^{x_i-1}\\&=p^n(1-p)^{\sum_{i=1}{n}x_i-n},\\& x_i=1,2,\cdots,i=1,2,\cdots.\end{aligned}
L(p)=i=1∏np(1−p)xi−1=pn(1−p)∑i=1nxi−n,xi=1,2,⋯,i=1,2,⋯.
对数似然函数为
l
(
p
)
=
l
n
L
(
p
)
=
n
l
n
p
+
(
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
−
n
)
l
n
(
1
−
p
)
\begin{aligned}l(p)&=lnL(p)\\&=nlnp+(\sum_{i=1}{n}x_i-n)ln(1-p)\end{aligned}
l(p)=lnL(p)=nlnp+(i=1∑nxi−n)ln(1−p)令
d
l
(
p
)
d
p
=
n
p
−
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
−
n
1
−
p
=
0
,
\frac{dl(p)}{dp}=\frac{n}{p}-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i-n}{1-p} =0,
dpdl(p)=pn−1−p∑i=1nxi−n=0,则
p
=
n
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
=
1
x
ˉ
.
p=\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}=\frac{1}{\bar{x}}.
p=∑i=1nxin=xˉ1.所以，
p
p
p的最大似然估计为
p
=
n
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
=
1
x
ˉ
.
p=\frac{n}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}=\frac{1}{\bar{x}}.
p=∑i=1nxin=xˉ1.
(7) p ( ξ = k ) = ( k − 1 r − 1 ) p r ( 1 − p ) k − r , p(\xi=k)=\begin{pmatrix}k-1 \\ r-1\end{pmatrix}p^r(1-p)^{k-r}, p(ξ=k)=(k−1r−1)pr(1−p)k−r, k = r , r + 1 , ⋯ , p ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , r k=r,r+1,\cdots,p\in(0,1),r k=r,r+1,⋯,p∈(0,1),r为已知。
参考答案:
总体 X X X的分布律为 p ( ξ = X ) = ( X − 1 r − 1 ) p r ( 1 − p ) X − r , p(\xi=X)=\begin{pmatrix}X-1 \\ r-1\end{pmatrix}p^r(1-p)^{X-r}, p(ξ=X)=(X−1r−1)pr(1−p)X−r, X = r , r + 1 , ⋯ , p ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , r X=r,r+1,\cdots,p\in(0,1),r X=r,r+1,⋯,p∈(0,1),r为已知。
似然函数为
L
(
p
)
=
∏
i
=
1
n
(
x
i
−
1
r
−
1
)
p
r
(
1
−
p
)
x
i
−
r
=
∏
i
=
1
n
(
x
i
−
1
r
−
1
)
p
n
r
(
1
−
p
)
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
−
n
r
\begin{aligned}L(p)&=\prod_{i=1}^{n} \begin{pmatrix}x_i-1 \\ r-1\end{pmatrix}p^r(1-p)^{x_i-r}\\&=\prod_{i=1}^{n} \begin{pmatrix}x_i-1 \\ r-1\end{pmatrix} p^{nr}(1-p)^{\sum_{i=1}{n}x_i-nr}\end{aligned}
L(p)=i=1∏n(xi−1r−1)pr(1−p)xi−r=i=1∏n(xi−1r−1)pnr(1−p)∑i=1nxi−nr
对数似然函数为
l
(
p
)
=
l
n
L
(
p
)
=
∑
i
=
1
n
l
n
(
x
i
−
1
r
−
1
)
+
n
r
l
n
p
+
(
∑
i
=
1
n
x
i
−
n
r
)
l
n
(
1
−
p
)
\begin{aligned}l(p)&=lnL(p)\\&=\sum_{i=1}^{n}ln\begin{pmatrix}x_i-1 \\ r-1\end{pmatrix} +nrlnp\\&+(\sum_{i=1}{n}x_i-nr)ln(1-p)\end{aligned}
l(p)=lnL(p)=i=1∑nln(xi−1r−1)+nrlnp+(i=1∑nxi−nr)ln(1−p)
令 d l ( p ) d p = n r p − ∑ i = 1 n x i − n r 1 − p = 0 , \frac{dl(p)}{dp}=\frac{nr}{p}-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i-nr}{1-p} =0, dpdl(p)=pnr−1−p∑i=1nxi−nr=0,则 p = n r ∑ i = 1 n x i = r x ˉ . p=\frac{nr}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}=\frac{r}{\bar{x}}. p=∑i=1nxinr=xˉr.
所以， p p p的最大似然估计为 p = n r ∑ i = 1 n x i = r x ˉ . p=\frac{nr}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_i}=\frac{r}{\bar{x}}. p=∑i=1nxinr=xˉr.
如果您在看完以后，无论是题目还是参考解答过程有什么问题，希望不吝指出！如果有更好的解题思路或者好的问题分享，欢迎通过后台发送给我们！
1137
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
