高数 01.10闭区间上连续函数的性质

$\color{blue}{第十节 闭区间上连续函数的性质}$

$\color{blue}{一、最值定理}$

$\color{blue}{定理1}.在闭区间上的连续函数在该区间上一定有最大值和最小值.$
$即：设f(x) \in C[a, b],则\exists \xi_1, \xi_2 \in [a, b],使$

$$f(\xi_1) = \min_{a \leq x \leq b}{f(x)} \\ f(\xi_2) = \max_{a \leq x \leq b}{f(x)}$$
$\color{blue}{注意}：若函数在\color{blue}{开区间}上连续，或在闭区间内\color{blue}{有间断点}，结论不一定成立$
$例如，y = x, x \in (0, 1)无最大值和最小值$
$又如，$
$f(x) = \left \{ \begin{array}{l} -x + 1, \quad 0 \leq x < 1 \\ \qquad 1, \qquad x = 1 \\ -x + 3, \quad 1 < x \leq 2 \end{array} \right.$
$也无最大值和最小值$

$\color{blue}{推论}.在闭区间上连续的函数在该区间上有界.$
$证：设f(x) \in C[a, b],由定理1可知有$

$$M = \max_{x \in [a, b]}{f(x)}, m = \min_{x \in [a, b]}{f(x)} \qquad \qquad$$
$故 \forall x \in [a, b], 有m \leq f(x) \leq M$
$因此f(x) \in [a, b]上有界.$

$\color{blue}{二、介值定理}$

$\color{blue}{定理2(零点定理).}f(x) \in C[a, b], 且f(a)f(b) < 0 \\ \Longrightarrow 至少有一点\xi \in (a, b),使f(\xi) = 0.$

$\color{blue}{定理3(介值定理)}.设f(x) \in C[a, b], 且f(a) = A, f(b) = B, A \neq B, \\ 则对A与B之间的任意数C，至少有一点\xi \in (a, b),使f(\xi) = C.$
$证：作辅助函数\varphi(x) = f(x) - C$
$则\varphi(x) \in C[a, b],且$
$\varphi(a)\varphi(b) = (A -C)(B - C) < 0$
$故由零点定理知，至少有一点\xi \in (a, b),使\varphi(\xi) = 0,即f(\xi) = C.$

$推论：在闭区间上的连续函数必取得介于最小值和最大值之间的任何值$

$例1.证明方程x^3 - 4x^2 + 1 = 0在区间(0, 1)内至少有一个根.$
$证：显然f(x) = x^3 - 4x^2 + 1 \in C[0, 1],又$
$f(0) = 1 > 0, f(1) = -2 < 0$
$故据零点定理，至少存在一个点\xi \in (0, 1),使f(\xi) = 0,即 \\ \xi^3 - 4\xi^2 + 1 = 0$

$例2.设f(x) \in [a, b]上连续，且恒为正，证明:对任意的x_1, x_2 \in (a, b), \\ x_1 < x_2,必存在一点 \xi \in [x_1, x_2], 使得f(\xi) = \sqrt{f(x_1)f(x_2)}.$

$证：令F(x) = f^2(x) - f(x_1)f(x_2),则F(x) \in C[a, b]连续$
$F(x_1)F(x_2)$
$= [f^2(x_1) - f(x_1)f(x_2)][f^2(x_2) - f(x_1)f(x_2)]$
$= -f(x_1)f(x_2)[f(x_1) - f(x_2)]^2 \leq 0$
$当f(x_1) = f(x_2)时，取\xi = x_1或\xi = x_2,则有 \\ f(\xi) = \sqrt{f(x_1)f(x_2)}$
$当f(x_1) \neq f(x_2)时，\because f(x) > 0, \therefore F(x_1)F(x_2) < 0,$
$故由零点定理知，存在\xi \in (x_1, x_2),使F(\xi) = 0,即 \\ f(\xi) = \sqrt{f(x_1)f(x_2)}$