高数 02.04隐函数的导数

$\color{blue}{第二章 第四节 隐函数的导数}$

一、隐函数的导数的概念
二、隐函数导数的求法

$\color{blue}{一、隐函数的导数的概念}$

$若由方程F(x, y) = 0可确定y是x的函数，则称此函数为隐函数. \\ 由y = f(x)表示的函数，称为显函数. \\ 例如，x - y^3 - 1 = 0可确定显函数y = \sqrt[3]{1 - x} \\ y^5 + 2y - x - 3x^7 = 0 可确定y是x的函数,但此隐函数不能显化.$
$\color{green}{隐函数求导方法: \\ F(x, y) = 0 \\ \qquad \Downarrow 两边对x求导 \\ \dfrac{d}{dx}F(x, y) = 0(含导函数y^{\prime}的方程)}$

$\color{blue}{二、隐函数导数的求法}$

$例1.求由方程y^5 +2y - x - 3x^7 = 0 确定的隐函数 \\ y = y(x)在x = 0处的导数 \left. \dfrac{dy}{dx} \right|_{x = 0}.$
$\color{blue}{解： 方程两边对x求导\\ \dfrac{d}{dx}(y^5 + 2y -x - 3x^7) = 0 \\ 得 5y^4 \dfrac{dy}{dx} + 2 \dfrac{dy}{dx} - 1 -21x^6 = 0 \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = \dfrac{1 + 21x^6}{5y^4 + 2} \\ \because x = 0, y = 0,故 \\ \left. \dfrac{dy}{dx} \right|_{x = 0} = \dfrac{1}{2} }$

$例2.求椭圆\dfrac{x^2}{16} + \dfrac{y^2}{9} = 1 在点(2, \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{3})处的切线方程.$
$\color{blue}{解: 椭圆方程两边对x求导\\ \dfrac{x}{8} + \dfrac{2}{9}y \dfrac{dy}{dx} = 0 \\ \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{9}{16}\dfrac{x}{y} }$
$\color{blue}{\therefore \left. y^{\prime} \right|_{\begin{array}{l} x = 2 \\ y = \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{3} \end{array}} = \left. -\dfrac{9}{16} \dfrac{x}{y} \right|_{\begin{array}{l} x = 2 \\ y = \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{3} \end{array} } = -\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} }$
$故切线方程为 y - \dfrac{3}{2}\sqrt{3} = -\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}(x - 2)$
$即 \sqrt{3}x + 4y - 8\sqrt{3} = 0$

$例3.求y = x^{\sin{x}}(x > 0)的导数.$
$\color{blue}{解：两边取对数，化为隐函数 \\ \ln{y} = \sin{x} \cdot \ln{x} \\ \dfrac{1}{y} y^{\prime} = \cos{x} \cdot \ln{x} +\dfrac{\sin{x}}{x} \\ y^{\prime} = x^{\sin{x}}(\cos{x} \cdot \ln{x} + \dfrac{\sin{x}}{x}) }$

$\color{blue}{说明：\\ 1)对幂指函数y = u^v可用对数求导法求导.\\ \ln{y} = v\ln{u} \\ \dfrac{1}{y} y^{\prime} = v^{\prime} \ln{u} + \dfrac{u^{\prime} v}{u} \\ y^{\prime} = u^v(v^{\prime} \ln{u} + \dfrac{u^{\prime} v}{u}) \\ {\color{green}{注意}}：y = \underline{u^v \ln u \cdot v^{\prime}} + \underline{vu^{v - 1} \cdot u^{\prime}} \\ \quad \qquad \qquad \nearrow \qquad \qquad \quad \nwarrow \\ 按指数函数求导公式 \qquad 按幂函数求导公式\\ 2)有些显函数用对数求导法求导很方便\\ 例如，y = \Big(\dfrac{a}{b} \Big)^x\Big(\dfrac{b}{x} \Big)^a\Big(\dfrac{x}{a} \Big)^b \quad (a > 0, b > 0, \dfrac{a}{b} \neq 1) \\ \qquad \qquad \Downarrow 两边取对数 \\ ln{y} = x \ln{\dfrac{a}{b}} + a[ \ln{b} - \ln{x}] + b[\ln{x} - \ln{a}] \\ \dfrac{1}{y} y^{\prime} = \ln{\dfrac{a}{b}} - \dfrac{a}{x} + \dfrac{b}{x} \\ y^{\prime} = \Big(\dfrac{a}{b} \Big)^x\Big(\dfrac{b}{x} \Big)^a\Big(\dfrac{x}{a} \Big)^b \Big( \ln{\dfrac{a}{b}} - \dfrac{a}{x} + \dfrac{b}{x} \Big) }$

$例4设y = y(x)由方程 e^y + xy = e确定，求y^{\prime}(0)，y^{\prime \prime}(0)$
$\color{blue}{解：方程两边对x求导，得\\ e^yy^{\prime} + y + xy^{\prime} = 0 \\ 再求导，得\\ e^y{y^{\prime}}^2 + (e^y + x) y^{\prime \prime} + 2y^{\prime} = 0 \\ \because x = 0, y = 1 \therefore y^{\prime}(0) = -\dfrac{1}{e}, y^{\prime \prime}(0) = \dfrac{1}{e^2} }$

内容小结
1.隐函数求导法则–直接对方程两边求导
2.对数求导法：适用于幂指数函数或某些连乘、连除表示的函数