高数 03.02洛必达法则

$\color{blue}{第三章 第二节 洛必达法则}$

$一、\dfrac{0}{0}型未定式$
$二、\dfrac{\infty}{\infty}型未定式$
$三、其他未定式$

$本节研究：\\ 函数之商的极限\lim{\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}}(\dfrac{0}{0}或\dfrac{\infty}{\infty}型)$
$转化 \downarrow 洛必达法则$
$导数之商的极限\lim{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)}}$

$\color{blue}{一、\dfrac{0}{0}型未定式}$

$定理1.\\ 1)\lim_{x \rightarrow a}{f(x)} = \lim_{x \rightarrow a}{F(x)} = 0 \\ 2)f(x)与F(x)在\mathring{U}(a)内可导,且F^{\prime}(x) \neq 0 \\ 3)\lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)}}存在(或为\infty)\\ \Longrightarrow \lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f(x)}{F(x)} } = \lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)} } \quad (洛必达法则)$
$该定理的证明用到了柯西中值定理$

洛必达法则：$\lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f(x)}{g(x)}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{g^{\prime}(x)}}$

$推论1.定理1中x \rightarrow a换为\\ x \rightarrow a^+, x \rightarrow a^-, x \rightarrow \infty, x \rightarrow +\infty, x \rightarrow -\infty之一,\\ 2)作相应的修改，定理1仍然成立.$
$推论2.若\lim{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)}}仍属\dfrac{0}{0}型,且f^{\prime}(x),F^{\prime}(x)满足定理1条件,则\\ \lim{\dfrac{f(x)}{F(x)}} = \lim{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)}} = \lim{\dfrac{f^{\prime \prime}(x)}{F^{\prime \prime}(x)}}$

$例1.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{x^3 - 3x +2}{x^3 - x^2 - x + 1}}$
$解：原式\\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{3x^2 - 3}{3x^2 - 2x - 1}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{6x}{6x - 2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 1}{\dfrac{6}{6 - 2}} \\ = \dfrac{3}{2}$
$注意：以上前两步求导是因为满足\dfrac{0}{0}型，满足洛必达法则。不是未定式不能用洛必达法则！$

$例2.求\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{\frac{\pi}{2} - \arctan{x}}{\frac{1}{x}}}$
$解：\\ 原式= \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{0 - \dfrac{1}{1 + x^2}}{-\dfrac{1}{x^2}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{x^2}{1 + x^2}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{1}{\frac{1}{x^2} + 1}} \\ = 1$

$\color{blue}{二、\dfrac{\infty}{\infty}型未定式}$

$定理2.\\ 1)\lim_{x \rightarrow a}{|f(x)|} = \lim_{x \rightarrow a}{|F(x)|} = \infty\\ 2)f(x)与F(x)在\mathring{U}(a)内可导,且F^{\prime}(x) \neq 0\\ 3)\lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)}}存在(或为\infty) \\ \Longrightarrow \lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f(x)}{F(x)}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow a}{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)}}$

$例3.求\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{\ln{x}}{x^n}} (n > 0).$
$解：原式 \\ =\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{x}}{nx^{n - 1}}} \\ =\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{1}{nx^n}} \\ = 0$

$例4.求\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{x^n}{e^{\lambda x}}} (n > 0, \lambda > 0).$
$解：\\ 1) n为正整数时: 原式= \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{nx^{n - 1}}{\lambda e^{\lambda x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{n!}{\lambda^n e^{\lambda x}}} \\ =\dfrac{n!}{\lambda^n} \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{1}{e^{\lambda x}}} \\ =\dfrac{n!}{\lambda^n} \cdot 0 \\ = 0 \\ 2)n不是正整数时,\\ 存在正整数k，使当x > 1时, \\ x^k < x^n < x^{k + 1} \\ 从而 \quad \dfrac{x^k}{e^{\lambda x}} < \dfrac{x^n}{e^{\lambda x}} < \dfrac{x^{k + 1}}{e^{\lambda x}} \\ 由1)可知\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{x^k}{e^{\lambda x}}} = 0 \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{x^{k+1}}{e^{\lambda x}}} = 0 \\ 根据夹逼定理得:\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{x^n}{e^{\lambda x}}} = 0$

$说明：\\ 1)例3,例4表明 x \rightarrow +\infty时, \\ \ln{x}, x^n(n > 0), e^{\lambda x}(\lambda >0) \\ 后者比前者趋于+\infty更快.\\ 2)在满足定理条件的某些情况下洛必达法则不能解决所有计算问题.\\ 例如，\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}{x}} = \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}} \\ 3)若\lim{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)}}不存在(\neq \infty)时,\\ \lim{\dfrac{f(x)}{F(x)}} \neq \lim{\dfrac{f^{\prime}(x)}{F^{\prime}(x)}}\\ 例如，\lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{x + \sin{x}}{x}} \neq \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{1 + \cos{x}}{1}} \\ \lim_{x \rightarrow +\infty}{\dfrac{1 + \cos{x}}{1}}极限不存在$

$\color{blue}{三、其他未定式：0\cdot \infty, \infty - \infty, 0^0, 1^{\infty}, \infty^{0}型}$

$解决方法：通分、去倒数、取对数$
$例5.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x^n \ln{x}} (n > 0).$
$解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x^n \ln{x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\dfrac{\ln{x}}{x^{-n}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{x}}{-nx^{-n-1}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\dfrac{1}{-nx^{-n}}} \\ = -\dfrac{1}{n}\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x^n} \\ = 0$

$例6.求\lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{(\sec{x} - \tan{x})}.$
$解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{(\sec{x} - \tan{x})} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{1 - \sin{x}}{\cos{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow \frac{\pi}{2}}{\dfrac{- \cos{x}}{-\sin{x}}} \\ = 0$

$例7.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x^x}.$
$解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x^x} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{e^{x \ln{x}}} \\ = e^{(\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{x \ln{x}})} \\ = e^{(\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\frac{\ln{x}}{\frac{1}{x}}})} \\ = e^{(\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{-\frac{1}{x^2}}})} \\ = e^{(\lim_{x \rightarrow 0^+}{-x})} \\ = e^0 \\ = 1$

$例8.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{x} - x}{x^2 \sin{x}}}.$
$解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\tan{x} - x}{x^2 \sin{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\frac{1}{\cos^2{x}} - 1}{2x \sin{x} + x^2 \cos{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin^2{x}}{x(2 \sin{x} + x \cos{x})\cos^2{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{x^2}{x(2 x + x \cos{x})\cos^2{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1}{(2 + \cos{x})\cos^2{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1}{(2 + 1) \cdot 1^2}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{3}$
使用洛必达法则需要注意的几个问题：
1、使用洛必达法则之前，应该先检验其条件是否满足.
2、如果使用洛必达法则之后，命题仍是未定型极限，且仍符合洛必达法则的条件，可以再次使用洛必达法则.
3、如果$\dfrac{0}{0}$型或$\dfrac{\infty}{\infty}$型极限中含有非零因子，该非零因子可以单独求极限，不必参与洛必达法则运算，以简化运算.
4、如果能进行等价无穷小代换或更等变形配合使用洛必达法则，也可以简化运算.