高数 05.02 微积分的基本公式

$\color{blue}{第五章 第二节 微积分的基本公式}$

$\color{blue}{一、积分上限的函数及其导数}$

$定理1.若f(x) \in C[a, b],则变上限函数$
$\Phi(x) = \int_a^x{f(t)dt}$
$是f(x)在[a, b]上的一个原函数.$
$证：\forall x, x+h \in [a, b],则有$
$\dfrac{\Phi(x + h) - \Phi(x)}{h} = \dfrac{1}{h}[\int_a^{x+h}{f(t)dt} - \int_a^{x}{f(t)dt}]$
$=\dfrac{1}{h}\int_x^{x + h}{f(t)dt} = f(\xi) \quad (x < \xi < x + h)$
$\because f(x) \in C[a, b]$
$\therefore \Phi ^{\prime}(x) = \lim_{h \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\Phi(x + h) - $\Phi(x)}{h}} = \lim_{h \rightarrow 0}{f(\xi)} = f(x)$
$积分上限函数,变上限函数$
$说明：$
$1)定理1证明了连续函数的原函数是存在的.同时为通过原函数计算定积分开辟了道路.$
$2)变限积分求导:\dfrac{d}{dx}{\int_x^b{f(t)dt}} = -f(x)$
$\dfrac{d}{dx}{\int_a^{\varphi(x)}{f(t)dt}} = f[\varphi(x)]\varphi^{\prime}(x)$
$\dfrac{d}{dx}{\int_{\psi(x)}^{\varphi(x)}{f(t) dt}}$
$= \dfrac{d}{dx}[\int_{\psi(x)}^{a}{f(t)dt} + \int_{a}^{\varphi(x)}{f(t)dt}]$
$= f[\varphi(x)]\varphi^{\prime}(x) - f[\psi(x)]\psi^{\prime}(x)$

$例1.求\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_{\cos{x}}^{1}{e^{-t^2} dt} }{x^2}}$
$解：$
$\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_{\cos{x}}^{1}{e^{-t^2} dt} }{x^2}} \quad (运用洛必达法则)$
$= -\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{e^{-\cos^2{x}} \cdot (-\sin{x})}{2x}}$
$=\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{e^{-\cos^2{x}} }{2}}$
$= \dfrac{1}{2e}$

$例2.确定常数a, b, c的值,使\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{ax - \sin{x}}{\int_b^{x}{\ln(1 +t^2)dt}}} = c \quad (c \neq 0).$
$解：\\ \because x \rightarrow 0时,ax - \sin{x} \rightarrow 0, c \neq 0, \therefore b = 0\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{ax - \sin{x}}{\int_b^{x}{\ln(1 +t^2)dt}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{a - \cos{x}}{\ln(1 + x^2)}} \\ \because x \rightarrow 0, \ln(1 + x^2) \rightarrow 0, \therefore a - \cos{x} \rightarrow 0, a = 1 \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1 - \cos{x}}{\ln(1 + x^2)}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\sin{x}}{\dfrac{2x}{1 + x^2}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{1 + x^2}{2}} \\ = \dfrac{1}{2} = c \\ \therefore a = 1, b = 0, c = \dfrac{1}{2}$

$例3.设f(x)在[0, +\infty)内连续,且f(x) > 0,\\ 证明：F(x) = \dfrac{\int_0^{x}{t f(t) dt}}{\int_0^x{f(t) dt}}在(0, +\infty)内为单调增函数$
$证: F^{\prime}(x) = (\dfrac{\int_0^{x}{t f(t) dt}}{\int_0^x{f(t) dt}})^{\prime}\\ = \dfrac{(\int_0^{x}{t f(t) dt})^{\prime}(\int_0^x{f(t) dt}) - (\int_0^{x}{t f(t) dt})(\int_0^x{f(t) dt})^{\prime}}{(\int_0^x{f(t) dt})^2} \\ = \dfrac{x f(x)\int_0^x{f(t) dt} - f(x)\int_0^{x}{t f(t) dt}}{(\int_0^x{f(t) dt})^2} \\ = \dfrac{f(x)\int_0^x{(x - t)f(t) dt} }{(\int_0^x{f(t) dt})^2} \\ = \dfrac{f(x)\cdot (x - \xi) f(\xi) x}{(\int_0^x{f(t) dt})^2} > 0 (0 < \xi < x)\\ \therefore F(x)在(0, +\infty)内为单调增加$

$例4.设\int_0^x{f(x)dx} = x\sin{x},求f(x).$
$解：\\ f(x) =(\int_0^x{f(x)dx})^{\prime} = (x\sin{x})^{\prime} \\ = \sin{x} + x \cos{x}$

$例5.设\int_0^x{f(t)dt} = a^{2x},求f(x)$
$解：\\ f(x) = (\int_0^x{f(t)dt})^{\prime} = (a^{2x})^{\prime} \\ = a^{2x} \cdot ln{a} \cdot 2 \\ = 2 a^{2x} \ln{a}$

$例6.设F(x) = \int_0^x {t\cos^2{t} dt},求F^{\prime}(\dfrac{\pi}{4})$
$解：\\ F^{\prime}(x) = x\cos^2{x} \\ F^{\prime}(\dfrac{\pi}{4}) = \dfrac{\pi}{4}\cos^2{\dfrac{\pi}{4}} = \dfrac{\pi}{8}$

$例7.求由\int_0^y{e^tdt} + \int_0^x{\cos{t}dt} = 0所决定的函数y = f(x)的导数.$
$解：\\ (\int_0^y{e^tdt} + \int_0^x{\cos{t}dt})^{\prime} = 0 \\ e^yy^{\prime} + \cos{x} = 0 \\ y^{\prime} = -e^{-y}\cos{x}$

$例8.求极限\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^x{\cos{t^2} dt}}{x}}$
$解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^x{\cos{t^2} dt}}{x}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\cos{x^2}}{1}} \\ = 1$

$例9.求极限\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{(\int_0^x {e^{t^2} dt})^2}{\int_0^x{te^{2t^2}}dt} }$
$解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{(\int_0^x {e^{t^2} dt})^2}{\int_0^x{te^{2t^2}}dt} } \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2e^{x^2}(\int_0^x {e^{t^2} dt})}{xe^{2x^2}} } \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2\int_0^x {e^{t^2} dt}}{xe^{x^2}} } \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2e^{x^2}}{e^{x^2} + xe^{x^2} \cdot 2x} } \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2}{1 + 2x^2} } \\ = 2$

$例10.求极限\lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^{x^2}{\dfrac{1}{1 + t} dt}}{\int_0^x{\sin{t}dt}}}$
$解：\\ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\int_0^{x^2}{\dfrac{1}{1 + t} dt}}{\int_0^x{\sin{t}dt}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{1 + x^2} 2x}{\sin{x}}} \\ = \lim_{x \rightarrow 0}{\dfrac{2}{1 + x^2}} \\ = 2$

$例11.求函数F(x) = \int_0^x{te^{-t^2} dt}的极值.$
$解：\\ F^{\prime}(x) = xe^{-x^2} = 0 \\ x = 0, F(0) = 0 \\ F^{\prime \prime}(x) = e^{-x^2} +xe^{-x^2}(-2x) \\ = e^{-x^2}(1 - 2x^2) \\ F^{\prime \prime}(0) = 1 > 0 \\ x = 0, 为极小值点, F(0) = 0是极小值$

$例12.设函数f(x) > 0在[0, +\infty)内连续,证明F(x) = \dfrac{\int_0^x{tf(t)dt}}{\int_0^x{f(t) dt}}单调递增$
$证明：\\\ F^{\prime}(x) = \dfrac{xf(x)\int_0^x{f(t)dt} -f(x) \int_0^x{tf(t) dt}}{(\int_0^x{f(t)dt})^2} \\ = \dfrac{f(x)\int_0^x{(x - t)f(t)dt} }{(\int_0^x{f(t)dt})^2} > 0\\ F(x)在[0, +\infty)内单调递增$

$\color{blue}{二、牛顿-莱布尼兹公式}$

$\color{green}{定理2.设F(x)是连续函数f(x)在[a, b]上的一个原函数,则\int_a^b{f(x)dx} = F(b) - F(a) (牛顿-莱布尼兹公式)}$
$\color{green}{证:\\ 根据定理1,\int_a^x{f(x)dx} 是f(x)的一个原函数,故\\ F(x) = \int_a^x{f(x)dx} + C\\ 令x = a,得C = F(a),因此\int_a^x{f(x)dx} = F(x) - F(a)\\ 再令x = b,得\\ \int_a^b{f(x)dx} = F(b) - F(a) \Longleftrightarrow [F(x)]_a^b = F(x)| _a^b}$

$例1.计算\int_{-1}^{\sqrt{3}}{\dfrac{dx}{1 + x^2}}$
$解：\\ \int_{-1}^{\sqrt{3}}{\dfrac{dx}{1 + x^2}} = \arctan{x} | _{-1}^{\sqrt{3}} \\ = \arctan{\sqrt{3}} - \arctan(-1) \\ = \dfrac{\pi}{3} - (-\dfrac{\pi}{4}) \\ = \dfrac{7}{12} \pi$

$例2.计算正玄曲线y = \sin{x} 在[0, \pi]上与x轴所围成的面积.$
$解： x \in [0, \pi], y \geq 0 \\ A = \int_0^{\pi}{\sin{x}dx} \\ = -\cos{x} | _{0}^{\pi} \\ = \cos{0} - \cos{\pi} \\ = 1 + 1 \\ = 2$

$例3.设f(x) = x^2 + 2\int_0^1{f(x)dx},求f(x)$
$解：\\ 定积分为常数,故应用积分法定此常数. 设\int_0^1{f(x)dx} = l, \\ f(x) = x^2 + 2l \\ l = \int_0^1{f(x)dx} = [\dfrac{x^3}{3}] _0^1 + 2l(1 - 0) \\ l = -[\dfrac{x^3}{3}] _0^1 = -\dfrac{1}{3} \\ f(x) = x^3 - \dfrac{2}{3}$

$例4.设f(x) = \int_0^x{\sin{t} dt},求f[f(\dfrac{\pi}{2})]$
$解:\\ f(\dfrac{\pi}{2}) = [-\cos{x}] _0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} = 1 \\ f[f(\dfrac{\pi}{2})] = f(1) = [-\cos{x}] _0^{1} = 1 - \cos{1} \\ 解法2：\\ f[f(x)] = \int_0^{f(x)}{\sin{t} dt} \\ = -\cos{t} | _0^{f(x)} \\ = -[\cos{f(x)} - \cos{0}] \\ = 1 - \cos(-\cos{t} | _0^x)\\ = 1 - \cos(1 - cos{x}) \\ f[f(\dfrac{\pi}{2})] = 1 - \cos(1 - cos{\frac{\pi}{2}}) \\ = 1 - \cos{1}$

$例5.求I = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sqrt{1 - \sin{2x}} dx}$
$解：\\ I = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sqrt{1 - \sin{2x}} dx} \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\sqrt{(\sin{x} - \cos{x})^2} dx} \\ = \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{4}}{(\cos{x} - \sin{x})dx} + \int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{(\sin{x} - \cos{x})dx}$
$= \sin{x} | _0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} + \cos{x} | _0^{\frac{\pi}{4}} - \cos{x} | _ {\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} - \sin{x} | _ {\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}$
$= \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - 0 + \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} -1 - 0 + \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - 1 + \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$
$= 2\sqrt{2} - 2$

$例6.计算\int_1^4{\dfrac{dx}{1 + \sqrt{x}}}$
$解:\\ 令\sqrt{x} = t, x = t^2, dx = 2tdt,\\ 当x = 1时, t = 1; x = 4时, t = 2 \\ \int_1^4{\dfrac{dx}{1 + \sqrt{x}}} \\ = \int_1^2{\dfrac{2tdt}{1 + t}} \\ = 2\int_1^2{(1 - \dfrac{1}{1 + t}) dt} \\ = 2[t - \ln(1 + t)]_1^2 \\ = 2 + 2\ln{\dfrac{2}{3}}$

$例7.计算\int_1^{e^2}{\dfrac{dx}{x \sqrt{1 + \ln{x}}}}$
$解:\\ 令t = \sqrt{1 + \ln{x}}, x = e^{t^2 - 1}, dx = 2te^{t^2 - 1} dt \\ x = 1时, t = 1; x = e^2时, t=\sqrt{3} \\ \int_1^{e^2}{\dfrac{dx}{x \sqrt{1 + \ln{x}}}} \\ = \int_1^{\sqrt{3}}{\dfrac{2te^{t^2 - 1} dt}{te^{t^2 - 1}}} \\ = \int_1^{\sqrt{3}}{2dt} \\ = 2\sqrt{3} - 2 \\ 解法2：\\ \int_1^{e^2}{\dfrac{dx}{x \sqrt{1 + \ln{x}}}} \\ = \int_1^{e^2}{\dfrac{d \ln{x}}{\sqrt{1 + \ln{x}}}} \\ = \int_1^{e^2}{\dfrac{d(1 + \ln{x})}{\sqrt{1 + \ln{x}}}} \\ = [2\sqrt{1 + \ln{x}}] _1^{e^2} \\ = 2(\sqrt{3} - 1)$

$例8.计算\int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos{x} \cos{2x} dx}$
$解:\\ \int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos{x} \cos{2x} dx} \\ = \int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{(1 - 2\sin^2{x}) d\sin{x}} \\ = \int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{(\sin{x} - \dfrac{2}{3}\sin^3{x})^{\prime} d\sin{x}} \\ = [\sin{x} - \dfrac{2}{3}\sin^3{x}]_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \\ = \dfrac{2}{3}$

$例9.计算\int_0^{\pi}{\sqrt{1 + cos{2x}} dx}$
$解:\\ \int_0^{\pi}{\sqrt{1 + cos{2x}} dx} \\ = \int_0^{\pi}{\sqrt{2\cos^2{x}} dx} \\ =\sqrt{2} \int_0^{\pi}{|\cos{x}| dx} \\ = \sqrt{2} [\int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}}{\cos{x} dx} -\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\pi}{\cos{x} dx}] \\ = 2\sqrt{2}$

$例10.设f(x)在[a, b]上连续,证明\int_{-b}^{b}{f(x)dx} = \int_{-b}^{b}{f(-x)dx}$
$证:令t = -x, dx = -dt, \\ x = -b时, t = b; x = b时, t = -b. \\ \int_{-b}^{b}{f(x)dx} = -\int_{b}^{-b}{f(-t) dt} = \int_{-b}^{b}{f(-t) dt} = \int_{-b}^{b}{f(-x)dx} \\ 由于定积分与积分变量用何字母表示无关,所以\\ \int_{-b}^{b}{f(x)dx} = \int_{-b}^{b}{f(-x)dx}$