线性代数 04.07 向量组的线性相关性 习题课

$n维向量 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 运算 \\ 线性表示 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \\ 判定 \end{array} \right. \\ 线性相关 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \\ 判定 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 充要条件 \\ 充分条件 \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right. \\ 线性无关 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \\ 判定 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 充要条件 \\ 充分条件 \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right. \\ 极大无关组 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \\ 求法 \end{array} \right. \end{array} \right.$

$向量空间\left \{ \begin{array}{l} 概念 \\ 向量空间的基 \end{array} \right.$

$线性方程组 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} Ax = b \\ Ax = 0 \end{array} \right \} \stackrel {初等行变换}{\Longrightarrow} 阶梯形 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} 有解判定 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} R(A) \neq R(B)无解 \\ R(A) = R(B)有解 \end{array} \right \} 解的结构 \\ 总有解 \left \{ \begin{array}{l} R(A) = n 仅有0解 \\ R(A) < n有非零解 \end{array} \right \} 基础解系 \end{array} \right.$

$例1.设\alpha_1 = (2, 5, 1, 3)^T; \alpha_2 = (10, 1, 5, 10)^T; \\ \alpha_3 = (4, 1, -1, 1)^T; \\ 满足3(\alpha_1 - \alpha) + 2(\alpha_2 + \alpha) = 5(\alpha_3 + \alpha),求\alpha.$
$解:由3(\alpha_1 - \alpha) + 2(\alpha_2 + \alpha) = 5(\alpha_3 + \alpha),可得\\ \alpha = \dfrac{1}{6}(3\alpha_1 + 2\alpha_2 - 5\alpha_3) \\ 而3\alpha_1 = (6, 15, 3, 9)^T;\\ 2\alpha_2 = (20, 2, 10, 20)^T; \\ 5\alpha_3 = (20, 5, -5, 5)^T; \\ \alpha = \dfrac{1}{6}(6, 12, 18, 24)^T, \\ \therefore \alpha = (1, 2, 3, 4)^T.$

$例2.设三阶矩阵 A=\begin{pmatrix}\alpha \\ 2\gamma_2 \\ 3\gamma_3 \end{pmatrix}, B = \begin{pmatrix} \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ \gamma_3 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 其中\alpha,\beta, \gamma_2, \gamma_3均为三维行向量.且|A| = 18, |B| = 2,求|A - B|.$
$解:\\ |A - B| = \begin{vmatrix} \alpha - \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ 2\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} \alpha \\ \gamma_2 \\ 2\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} + \begin{vmatrix} - \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ 2\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} \\ = \dfrac{1}{3}\begin{vmatrix} \alpha \\ 2\gamma_2 \\ 3\gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} -2 \begin{vmatrix} \beta \\ \gamma_2 \\ \gamma_3 \end{vmatrix} \\ = \dfrac{1}{3} \times 18 - 2 \times 2 \\ = 2$

$例3.设\beta,\alpha_1, \alpha_2线性相关,\\ \beta,\alpha_2, \alpha_3线性无关,则正确的结论是(\ \ {\color{blue}{C}}\ \ )$
$A.\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性相关; \quad B.\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性无关;\\ C.\alpha_1可由\beta,\alpha_2, \alpha_3线性表示;\quad D.\beta可由\alpha_1, \alpha_2线性表示$

$例4.讨论向量组\alpha_1 = (1, 1, 1); \alpha_2 = (0, 2, 5); \alpha_3 = (1, 3, 6)的线性相关性.$
$设有x_1, x_2, x_3使\\ x_1 \alpha_1 + x_2 \alpha_2 + x_3 \alpha_3 = 0 \\ (x_1 + x_3, x_1 + 2x_2 + 3x_3, x_1 + 5x_2 + 6x_3) = (0, 0, 0)$
$亦即\left \{ \begin{array}{l}x_1 + x_3 = 0 \\ x_1 + 2x_2 + 3x_3 = 0 \\ x_1 + 5x_2 + 6x_3 = 0 \end{array} \right.$
$解得x_1 = x_2 = -x_3 \\ 令 x_3 = -1, x_1 = x_2 = 1 \\ 于是有不全为零的解.使\alpha_1 + \alpha_2 - \alpha_3 = 0 \\ 所以，\alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_3线性相关.$

$例5.设\alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_3是向量组T的极大无关组,且\\ \beta_1 = \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \alpha_3; \\ \beta_2 = \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + 2\alpha_3; \\ \beta_3 = \alpha_1 + 2\alpha_2 + 3\alpha_3 \in T \\ 证明：\beta_1, \beta_2, \beta_3也是T的极大无关组.$
$证：首先证明向量组\beta_1, \beta_2, \beta_3与\alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_3等价. \\ 不妨设都是行向量的形式.\\ 记B = \begin{pmatrix}\beta_1 \\ \beta_2 \\ \beta_3 \end{pmatrix}, A = \begin{pmatrix}\alpha_1 \\ \alpha_2 \\ \alpha_3 \end{pmatrix},$
$因为\left \{ \begin{array}{l} \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \alpha_3 = \beta_1 \\ \alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + 2\alpha_3 = \beta_2 \\ \alpha_1 + 2\alpha_2 + 3\alpha_3 = \beta_3 \end{array} \right.$
$即\\ \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}\alpha_1 \\ \alpha_2 \\ \alpha_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}\beta_1 \\ \beta_2 \\ \beta_3 \end{pmatrix} \\ C = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{pmatrix} \\ 显然C可逆,则上式为CA = B,从而A = C^{-1}B,\\ 所以\alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_3可由\beta_1, \beta_2, \beta_3线性表示,\\ 故\beta_1, \beta_2, \beta_3与\alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_3等价. \\ 再证\beta_1, \beta_2, \beta_3线性无关,因为A = C^{-1}B, \\ 所以R(A) = R(C^{-1}B) = R(B),\\ 故\beta_1, \beta_2, \beta_3线性无关,\\ 从而\beta_1, \beta_2, \beta_3也是向量组T的极大无关组.$

$例6.设A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 & 1 \\ -2 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & -2 & -2 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 求矩阵A的秩及A的列向量的极大无关组.$
$解: 对矩阵A作初等行变换\\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 & 1 \\ -2 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & -2 & -2 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & -3 \\ 0 & -2 & 0 & 2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 4 & -4 \\ 0 & 0 & -4 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -2 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & -4 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ R(A) = 3, \\ \alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_3;\alpha_1,\alpha_2, \alpha_4为列向量组的极大无关组.$

$例7.已知\\ \alpha_1 = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 4 \\ 0 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}, \alpha_2 = \begin{pmatrix}2 \\ 7 \\ 1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix}, \alpha_3 = \begin{pmatrix}0 \\ 1 \\ -1 \\ a \end{pmatrix}, \beta = \begin{pmatrix}3 \\ 10 \\ b \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 问(1) a、b为何值时,\beta不能由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性表示; \\ (2) a、b为何值时,\beta能由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3唯一线性表示,并写出表示式; \\ (3) a、b为何值时,\beta能由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性表示,且表示法不唯一,\\ 并写出表示式.$
$解:讨论方程组\\ x_1\alpha_1 + x_2 \alpha_2 + x_3\alpha_3 = \beta \quad (1)的解 \\ B = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \beta \end{pmatrix} \\ = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 4 & 7 & 1 & 10 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & b \\ 2 & 3 & a & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & -1 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & b \\ 0 & -1 & a & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & -1 & 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b-2 \\ 0 & 0 & a-1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & a-1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & b-2 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$当b \neq 2时, R(\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3) \neq R(\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \beta) \\ (1)式无解,即\beta不能由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性表示;\\ b = 2, a \neq 1时, R(\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3) = R(\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \beta) = 3\\ (1)式有唯一解,此时 \\ B \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & a-1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 故解为x_1 = -1, x_2 = 2, x_3 = 0 \\ 当b = 2, a = 1时,\\ R(\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3) = R(\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3, \beta) = 2 < 3, \\ (1)式有多解. \\ B \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 2 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ x = k\begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, k \in R \\ 于是 \\ \beta = (-2k -1)\alpha_1 + (k + 2)\alpha_2 + k \alpha_3 \\ k为任意常数.$

$例8.验证\alpha_1 = (1, -1, 0)^T, \alpha_2 = (2, 1, 3)^T, \alpha_3 = (3, 1, 2)^T \\ 为R^3的一个基,并把\beta_1 = (5, 0, 7)^T; \beta_2=(-9, -8, -13)^T \\ 用这个基线性表示(或求\beta_1, \beta_2在这组基下的坐标)$
$解:要证\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3是R^3的一组基,\\ 只需证\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3线性无关即可,即只需证A \sim E. \\ 若A经过行初等变换为E,即有p_1,p_2, \cdots, p_l\\ 使p_1p_2 \cdots p_lA = E,则p_1p_2 \cdots p_l = A^{-1}. \\ 设\beta_1 = x_{11}\alpha_1 + x_{21} \alpha_2 + x_{31} \alpha_3, \\ \beta_2 = x_{12} \alpha_1 + x_{22} \alpha_2 + x_{32} \alpha_3, \\ 即\\ \begin{pmatrix} \beta_1 , \beta_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \alpha_1 , \alpha_2, \alpha_3 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x_{11} & x_{12} \\ x_{21} & x_{22} \\ x_{31} & x_{32} \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 记作 B = AX,则 A^{-1}B = X即 \\ p_1p_2 \cdots p_l B = X, 于是有\\ p_1p_2 \cdots p_l (A | B) \stackrel{初等行变换}{=} (E | X) \\ 当A变成E时,\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3为R^3的一个基, \\ 且当A变成E时,B变成X=A^{-1}B,所以 \\ \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 5 & -9 \\ -1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & -8 \\ 0 & 3 & 2 & 7 & -13 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 5 & -9 \\ 0 & 3 & 4 & 5 & -17 \\ 0 & 3 & 2 & 7 & -13 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 5 & -9 \\ 0 & 3 & 4 & 5 & -17 \\ 0 & 0 & -2 & 2 & 4 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 5 & -9 \\ 0 & 3 & 4 & 5 & -17 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 8 & -3 \\ 0 & 3 & 0 & 9 & -9 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 0 & 8 & -3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 3 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 3 & -3 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -1 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ 所以A \sim E,故\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \alpha_3是R^3的一个基,且\\ \beta_1 = 2\alpha_1 + 3\alpha_2 - \alpha_3, \\ \beta_2 = 3\alpha_1 - 3\alpha_2 -2 \alpha_3.$

$例9.设\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n是一组n维向量, \\ 已知n维单位向量坐标向量e_1, e_2, \cdots, e_n\\ 能由它们线性表示,证明:\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n\\ 线性无关.$
$证:因为e_1, e_2, \cdots, e_n能由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n线性表示,\\ 而任意n维向量都能由n维向量组e_1, e_2, \cdots, e_n线性表示,\\ 所以向量组\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n能由e_1, e_2, \cdots, e_n线性表示,\\ 因此它们等价.又因为e_1, e_2, \cdots, e_n的秩为n,\\ 所以\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n的秩亦为n.\\ 故\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n线性无关.$

$例10.设\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n是一组n维向量,\\ 证明它们线性无关的充分必要条件是:\\ 任一n维向量都可由它们线性表示.$
$证:\\ 必要性:\\ 由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n线性无关,\\ 对于任意n维向量\alpha,都有\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n,\alpha线性相关,\\ 所以任意向量\alpha都可由向量组\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n线性表示; \\ 充分性:\\ 由任意n维向量都可由向量组\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n线性表示,\\ 所以单位坐标向量组e_1, e_2, \cdots, e_n可由\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n线性表示,\\ 由例9可知\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \cdots, \alpha_n线性无关.$

$例11.求齐次线性方程组的基础解系.$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l}x_1 - 8x_2 + 10x_3 + 2x_4 = 0 \\ 2x_1 + 4x_2 + 5x_3 - x_4 = 0 \\ 3x_1 + 8x_2 + 6x_3 -2x_4 = 0 \end{array} \right.$
$解:对系数矩阵A作行初等变换:\\ A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -8 & 10 & 2 \\ 2 & 4 & 5 & -1 \\ 3 & 8 & 6 & -2 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -8 & 10 & 2 \\ 0 & 20 & -15 & -5 \\ 0 & 32 & -24 & -8 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -8 & 10 & 2 \\ 0 & 4 & -3 & -1 \\ 0 & 4 & -3 & -1 \\ \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 & -3 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix} \\ \sim \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -\frac{3}{4} & -\frac{1}{4}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$
$同解方程组: \left \{ \begin{array}{l}x_1 = -4x_3 \\ x_2 = \frac{3}{4}x_3 + \frac{1}{4}x_4 \end{array} \right.$
$取x_3,x_4为自由未知量,令x_3 = k_1, x_4 = k_2, (k_1, k_2 \in R)$
$\left \{ \begin{array}{l}x_1 = -4k_1 \\ x_2 = \frac{3}{4}k_1 + \frac{1}{4}k_2 \\ x_3 = k_1 \\ x_4 = k_2 \end{array} \right.$
$矩阵表示 \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ x_4 \end{pmatrix} = k_1\begin{pmatrix} -4 \\ \frac{3}{4} \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + k_2 \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ \frac{1}{4} \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}, (k_1, k_2 \in R) \\ 得齐次线性方程组的基础解系为: \xi_1 = (-4, \dfrac{3}{4}, 1, 0)^T, \xi_2 = (0, \dfrac{1}{4}, 0, 1)^T$

$例12.设四元非齐次线性方程组的系数矩阵的秩为3,\\ 已知\eta_1, \eta_2, \eta_3是它的三个解向量,且\\ \eta_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \\ 4 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix}, \eta_2 + \eta_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}, \\ 求该方程组的通解.$
$解: \\ 由系数矩阵的秩为3,所以基础解系只含有一个解向量,\\ 又因为两个非齐次线性方程组的解的差为对应齐次线性\\ 方程组的解;两个非其次线性方程组解的和的\dfrac{1}{2}仍然是\\ 它的解,所以\\ \dfrac{\eta_2 + \eta_3}{2} = \begin{pmatrix}\dfrac{1}{2} \\ 1 \\ \dfrac{3}{2} \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} \\ 为非齐次线性方程组的解,而\eta_1为一个特解, 所以 \\ \xi = \eta_1 - \dfrac{\eta_2 + \eta_3}{2} = \begin{pmatrix}\dfrac{3}{2} & 2 & \dfrac{5}{2} & 3 \end{pmatrix}^T \\ 为对应齐次线性方程组的一个基础解系,\\ 非齐次线性方程组的通解为 \\ X = k\xi + \eta_1 \\ =k\begin{pmatrix}\frac{3}{2} \\ 2 \\ \frac{5}{2} \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \\ 4 \\ 5 \end{pmatrix}, (k \in R)$