概述
1. 什么是pcm？
pcm(Pulse-code modulation)脉冲编码调制，是将模拟信号转化为数字信号的一种方法。声音的转化的过程为，先对连续的模拟信号按照固定频率周期性采样，将采样到的数据按照一定的精度进行量化，量化后的信号和采样后的信号差值叫做量化误差，将量化后的数据进行最后的编码存储，最终模拟信号变化为数字信号。
2. pcm的两个重要属性
a. 采样率: 单位时间内采样的次数，采样频率越高越高，
b. 采样位数: 一个采样信号的位数，也是对采样精度的变现。
对于人类而言，能接受声音的频率范围是20Hz-20KHz, 所以采样的频率44.1KHz 以及16bit的采样位数就可以有很好的保真能力（CD格式的采样率和采样位数)。
图1-1 声音的录音和播放过程
数据结构
在ALSA架构下，pcm也被称为设备，所谓的逻辑设备。在linux系统中使用snd_pcm结构表示一个pcm设备。
struct snd_pcm {
struct snd_card *card;
struct list_head list;
int device; /* device number */
unsigned int info_flags;
unsigned short dev_class;
unsigned short dev_subclass;
char id[64];
char name[80];
struct snd_pcm_str streams[2];
struct mutex open_mutex;
wait_queue_head_t open_wait;
void *private_data;
void (*private_free) (struct snd_pcm *pcm);
struct device *dev; /* actual hw device this belongs to */
bool internal; /* pcm is for internal use only */
bool nonatomic; /* whole PCM operations are in non-atomic context */
#if defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS) || defined(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS_MODULE)
struct snd_pcm_oss oss;
#endif
};
.list: 用于将pcm设备链接起来，最终所有的pcm设备会放入snd_pcm_devices链表中。
.device: 该pcm的索引号。
.id: 该pcm的标识。
.streams: 指向pcm的capture和playback stream，通常0代表playback,1代表capture。
通常一个pcm下会有两个stream, 分别为capture stream和playback stream，在每个stream下又会存在多个substream。
linux系统中使用snd_pcm_str定义stream, 使用snd_pcm_substream定义substream。
struct snd_pcm_str {
int stream; /* stream (direction) */
struct snd_pcm *pcm;
/* -- substreams -- */
unsigned int substream_count;
unsigned int substream_opened;
struct snd_pcm_substream *substream;
};
.pcm: 所属的pcm。
.substream_count: 该stream下substream的个数。
.substream_opened: 该stream下open的substream个数。
.substream: 该stream下的substream.
struct snd_pcm_substream {
struct snd_pcm *pcm;
struct snd_pcm_str *pstr;
void *private_data; /* copied from pcm->private_data */
int number;
char name[32]; /* substream name */
int stream; /* stream (direction) */
struct pm_qos_request latency_pm_qos_req; /* pm_qos request */
size_t buffer_bytes_max; /* limit ring buffer size */
struct snd_dma_buffer dma_buffer;
size_t dma_max;
/* -- hardware operations -- */
const struct snd_pcm_ops *ops;
/* -- runtime information -- */
struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime;
/* -- timer section -- */
struct snd_timer *timer; /* timer */
unsigned timer_running: 1; /* time is running */
/* -- next substream -- */
struct snd_pcm_substream *next;
/* -- linked substreams -- */
struct list_head link_list; /* linked list member */
struct snd_pcm_group self_group; /* fake group for non linked substream (with substream lock inside) */
struct snd_pcm_group *group; /* pointer to current group */
/* -- assigned files -- */
void *file;
int ref_count;
atomic_t mmap_count;
unsigned int f_flags;
void (*pcm_release)(struct snd_pcm_substream *);
struct pid *pid;
/* misc flags */
unsigned int hw_opened: 1;
};
.pstr: 所属的stream。
.id: 代表的该stream下第几个substream，也就是序号。
.stream: 该substream的方向流，是palyback or capture。
.name: 该substrem的名字。
.ops: 硬件操作函数集合。
.runtime: 运行时的pcm的一些信息。
.next: 用于链接下一个sub stream。
下图是对这几个结构体之间的简单表述。
pcm设备的创建
创建一个pcm设备的实例，使用snd_pcm_new函数。
/**
* snd_pcm_new - create a new PCM instance
* @card: the card instance
* @id: the id string
* @device: the device index (zero based)
* @playback_count: the number of substreams for playback
* @capture_count: the number of substreams for capture
* @rpcm: the pointer to store the new pcm instance
*
* Creates a new PCM instance.
*
* The pcm operators have to be set afterwards to the new instance
* via snd_pcm_set_ops().
*
* Return: Zero if successful, or a negative error code on failure.
*/
int snd_pcm_new(struct snd_card *card, const char *id, int device,
int playback_count, int capture_count, struct snd_pcm **rpcm)
{
return _snd_pcm_new(card, id, device, playback_count, capture_count,
false, rpcm);
}static int _snd_pcm_new(struct snd_card *card, const char *id, int device,
int playback_count, int capture_count, bool internal,
struct snd_pcm **rpcm)
{
struct snd_pcm *pcm;
int err;
static struct snd_device_ops ops = {
.dev_free = snd_pcm_dev_free,
.dev_register = snd_pcm_dev_register,
.dev_disconnect = snd_pcm_dev_disconnect,
};
if (snd_BUG_ON(!card))
return -ENXIO;
if (rpcm)
*rpcm = NULL;
pcm = kzalloc(sizeof(*pcm), GFP_KERNEL);
if (pcm == NULL) {
dev_err(card->dev, "Cannot allocate PCM\n");
return -ENOMEM;
}
pcm->card = card;
pcm->device = device;
pcm->internal = internal;
if (id)
strlcpy(pcm->id, id, sizeof(pcm->id));
if ((err = snd_pcm_new_stream(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, playback_count)) < 0) {
snd_pcm_free(pcm);
return err;
}
if ((err = snd_pcm_new_stream(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, capture_count)) < 0) {
snd_pcm_free(pcm);
return err;
}
mutex_init(&pcm->open_mutex);
init_waitqueue_head(&pcm->open_wait);
if ((err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_PCM, pcm, &ops)) < 0) {
snd_pcm_free(pcm);
return err;
}
if (rpcm)
*rpcm = pcm;
return 0;
}
2. 根据传递进来的参数设置card, device, internal, id。
3. 分别创建palyback & capture stream。
4. 调用snd_device_new接口创建pcm设备。
调用snd_pcm_new_stream创建一个stream
int snd_pcm_new_stream(struct snd_pcm *pcm, int stream, int substream_count)
{
int idx, err;
struct snd_pcm_str *pstr = &pcm->streams[stream];
struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, *prev;
#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SND_PCM_OSS)
mutex_init(&pstr->oss.setup_mutex);
#endif
pstr->stream = stream;
pstr->pcm = pcm;
pstr->substream_count = substream_count;
if (substream_count > 0 && !pcm->internal) {
err = snd_pcm_stream_proc_init(pstr);
if (err < 0) {
pcm_err(pcm, "Error in snd_pcm_stream_proc_init\n");
return err;
}
}
prev = NULL;
for (idx = 0, prev = NULL; idx < substream_count; idx++) {
substream = kzalloc(sizeof(*substream), GFP_KERNEL);
if (substream == NULL) {
pcm_err(pcm, "Cannot allocate PCM substream\n");
return -ENOMEM;
}
substream->pcm = pcm;
substream->pstr = pstr;
substream->number = idx;
substream->stream = stream;
sprintf(substream->name, "subdevice #%i", idx);
substream->buffer_bytes_max = UINT_MAX;
if (prev == NULL)
pstr->substream = substream;
else
prev->next = substream;
if (!pcm->internal) {
err = snd_pcm_substream_proc_init(substream);
if (err < 0) {
pcm_err(pcm,
"Error in snd_pcm_stream_proc_init\n");
if (prev == NULL)
pstr->substream = NULL;
else
prev->next = NULL;
kfree(substream);
return err;
}
}
substream->group = &substream->self_group;
spin_lock_init(&substream->self_group.lock);
mutex_init(&substream->self_group.mutex);
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&substream->self_group.substreams);
list_add_tail(&substream->link_list, &substream->self_group.substreams);
atomic_set(&substream->mmap_count, 0);
prev = substream;
}
return 0;
}
2. 在proc下创建pcm相关目录信息。会调用snd_pcm_stream_proc_init函数，根据stream的类型创建pcm0p/pcm0c文件夹，然后会在此文件夹下创建info文件。info文件的类型会通过snd_pcm_stream_proc_info_read函数获得。代表就不贴出来了。:(
root@test:/proc/asound/card0/pcm0c$ cat info
card: 0
device: 0
subdevice: 0
stream: CAPTURE
id: ALC662 rev1 Analog
name: ALC662 rev1 Analog
subname: subdevice #0
class: 0
subclass: 0
subdevices_count: 1
subdevices_avail: 1
4. 分配一个substream结构，设置必要的参数，如: pcm, pstr, number, stream, name等。
5. 调用snd_pcm_substream_proc_init函数，创建sub0目录，然后在此目录下创建info, hw_params, sw_params，status等文件。
6. 将所有的substream会通过linklist链表保存，同时如果有多个substream会通过next指针相连。
至此，pcm设备就全部创建完成，创建完成后会形成如下的逻辑试图。
大体上就是一棵树，根节点是card0, 然后子节点是pcm设备，pcm设备分为capture & playback stream， 然后在stream下又分为substrem。
PCM硬件操作函数集设置
实例化一个pcm设备之后，还需要通过snd_pcm_set_ops函数设置该硬件的操作集合。
void snd_pcm_set_ops(struct snd_pcm *pcm, int direction,
const struct snd_pcm_ops *ops)
{
struct snd_pcm_str *stream = &pcm->streams[direction];
struct snd_pcm_substream *substream;
for (substream = stream->substream; substream != NULL; substream = substream->next)
substream->ops = ops;
}整个流程梳理
PCM设备节点创建
当调用snd_card_register的时候，就会依次调用card列表下每个设备的dev_register回调函数，对pcm设备来说就是在_snd_pcm_new函数中的
static struct snd_device_ops ops = {
.dev_free = snd_pcm_dev_free,
.dev_register = snd_pcm_dev_register,
.dev_disconnect = snd_pcm_dev_disconnect,
};static int snd_pcm_dev_register(struct snd_device *device)
{
int cidx, err;
struct snd_pcm_substream *substream;
struct snd_pcm_notify *notify;
char str[16];
struct snd_pcm *pcm;
struct device *dev;
if (snd_BUG_ON(!device || !device->device_data))
return -ENXIO;
pcm = device->device_data;
mutex_lock(®ister_mutex);
err = snd_pcm_add(pcm);
if (err) {
mutex_unlock(®ister_mutex);
return err;
}
for (cidx = 0; cidx < 2; cidx++) {
int devtype = -1;
if (pcm->streams[cidx].substream == NULL || pcm->internal)
continue;
switch (cidx) {
case SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK:
sprintf(str, "pcmC%iD%ip", pcm->card->number, pcm->device);
devtype = SNDRV_DEVICE_TYPE_PCM_PLAYBACK;
break;
case SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE:
sprintf(str, "pcmC%iD%ic", pcm->card->number, pcm->device);
devtype = SNDRV_DEVICE_TYPE_PCM_CAPTURE;
break;
}
/* device pointer to use, pcm->dev takes precedence if
* it is assigned, otherwise fall back to card's device
* if possible */
dev = pcm->dev;
if (!dev)
dev = snd_card_get_device_link(pcm->card);
/* register pcm */
err = snd_register_device_for_dev(devtype, pcm->card,
pcm->device,
&snd_pcm_f_ops[cidx],
pcm, str, dev);
if (err < 0) {
list_del(&pcm->list);
mutex_unlock(®ister_mutex);
return err;
}
dev = snd_get_device(devtype, pcm->card, pcm->device);
if (dev) {
err = sysfs_create_groups(&dev->kobj,
pcm_dev_attr_groups);
if (err < 0)
dev_warn(dev,
"pcm %d:%d: cannot create sysfs groups\n",
pcm->card->number, pcm->device);
put_device(dev);
}
for (substream = pcm->streams[cidx].substream; substream; substream = substream->next)
snd_pcm_timer_init(substream);
}
list_for_each_entry(notify, &snd_pcm_notify_list, list)
notify->n_register(pcm);
mutex_unlock(®ister_mutex);
return 0;
}
2. 会调用snd_pcm_add此函数，判断此pcm设备是存在snd_pcm_devices链表中存在，存在就返回错误，不存在就添加。
3. 设置当前pcm设备name， 以及具体的pcm设备类型，PCM_CAPTURE or PCM_PLAYBACK。
4. 调用snd_register_device_for_dev添加pcm设备到系统中。
5. 调用snd_get_device此函数返回当前注册的pcm设备，然后设置该pcm的属性。
6. 调用snd_pcm_timer_init函数，进行pcm定时器的初始化。
在继续分析snd_register_device_for_dev函数之前需要先介绍一个结构体。struct snd_minor。
struct snd_minor {
int type; /* SNDRV_DEVICE_TYPE_XXX */
int card; /* card number */
int device; /* device number */
const struct file_operations *f_ops; /* file operations */
void *private_data; /* private data for f_ops->open */
struct device *dev; /* device for sysfs */
struct snd_card *card_ptr; /* assigned card instance */
};
.card_number: 所属的card。
.device: 当前设备类型下的设备编号。
.f_ops: 具体设备的文件操作集合。
.private_data: open函数的私有数据。
.card_ptr: 所属的card。
此结构体是用来保存当前设备的上下文信息，该card下所有逻辑设备都存在此结构。
int snd_register_device_for_dev(int type, struct snd_card *card, int dev,
const struct file_operations *f_ops,
void *private_data,
const char *name, struct device *device)
{
int minor;
struct snd_minor *preg;
if (snd_BUG_ON(!name))
return -EINVAL;
preg = kmalloc(sizeof *preg, GFP_KERNEL);
if (preg == NULL)
return -ENOMEM;
preg->type = type;
preg->card = card ? card->number : -1;
preg->device = dev;
preg->f_ops = f_ops;
preg->private_data = private_data;
preg->card_ptr = card;
mutex_lock(&sound_mutex);
#ifdef CONFIG_SND_DYNAMIC_MINORS
minor = snd_find_free_minor(type);
#else
minor = snd_kernel_minor(type, card, dev);
if (minor >= 0 && snd_minors[minor])
minor = -EBUSY;
#endif
if (minor < 0) {
mutex_unlock(&sound_mutex);
kfree(preg);
return minor;
}
snd_minors[minor] = preg;
preg->dev = device_create(sound_class, device, MKDEV(major, minor),
private_data, "%s", name);
if (IS_ERR(preg->dev)) {
snd_minors[minor] = NULL;
mutex_unlock(&sound_mutex);
minor = PTR_ERR(preg->dev);
kfree(preg);
return minor;
}
mutex_unlock(&sound_mutex);
return 0;
}
2. 根据传递进来的参数，各种参数。对于pcm设备来说，当前的private_data就是pcm。此处需要重点介绍file_operations结构。此函数最终会在应用程序调用open的时候走到此处
const struct file_operations snd_pcm_f_ops[2] = {
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.write = snd_pcm_write,
.aio_write = snd_pcm_aio_write,
.open = snd_pcm_playback_open,
.release = snd_pcm_release,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.poll = snd_pcm_playback_poll,
.unlocked_ioctl = snd_pcm_playback_ioctl,
.compat_ioctl = snd_pcm_ioctl_compat,
.mmap = snd_pcm_mmap,
.fasync = snd_pcm_fasync,
.get_unmapped_area = snd_pcm_get_unmapped_area,
},
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.read = snd_pcm_read,
.aio_read = snd_pcm_aio_read,
.open = snd_pcm_capture_open,
.release = snd_pcm_release,
.llseek = no_llseek,
.poll = snd_pcm_capture_poll,
.unlocked_ioctl = snd_pcm_capture_ioctl,
.compat_ioctl = snd_pcm_ioctl_compat,
.mmap = snd_pcm_mmap,
.fasync = snd_pcm_fasync,
.get_unmapped_area = snd_pcm_get_unmapped_area,
}
};
3. 调用snd_kernel_minor函数获得设备的此设备号。该此设备号已经存在则返回BUSY，小于返回错误。
4. 用次设备号为下标，将当前申请的snd_minor放入到全局的snd_minors结构体数组中。
static struct snd_minor *snd_minors[SNDRV_OS_MINORS];
6. 为什么创建出的设备节点全在/dev/snd下呢？ 此问题源自sound_class创建的时候，设置的devnode参数。
static char *sound_devnode(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode)
{
if (MAJOR(dev->devt) == SOUND_MAJOR)
return NULL;
return kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "snd/%s", dev_name(dev));
}
static int __init init_soundcore(void)
{
int rc;
rc = init_oss_soundcore();
if (rc)
return rc;
sound_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "sound");
if (IS_ERR(sound_class)) {
cleanup_oss_soundcore();
return PTR_ERR(sound_class);
}
sound_class->devnode = sound_devnode;
return 0;
} /* the class may provide a specific name */
if (dev->class && dev->class->devnode)
*tmp = dev->class->devnode(dev, mode);应用到驱动的过程
当应用程序在通过open系统调用打开/dev/pcmC0D0c的过程
1. 先会调用到在alsa_sound_init中注册的字符设备"alsa"的file_operations中的open函数中。
static const struct file_operations snd_fops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = snd_open,
.llseek = noop_llseek,
};
2. 此处会根据次设备号在snd_minors中获得注册的pcm的snd_minor结构，然后调用open回调
if (file->f_op->open)
err = file->f_op->open(inode, file);
4. 当应用程序执行ioctl的时候，就直接调用file文件中的file_operaions中的ioctl即可，因为在此处已经将snd_minor中的file_operation替换到file中。
#define replace_fops(f, fops) \
do { \
struct file *__file = (f); \
fops_put(__file->f_op); \
BUG_ON(!(__file->f_op = (fops))); \
} while(0)
if ((err = substream->ops->open(substream)) < 0)至此，整个pcm设备创建，调用，以及应用到驱动整个流程分析完毕。:)
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