Real-Time Rendering——9.9.2 Scale of Subsurface Scattering and Roughness地下散射和粗糙度的标度

Some BRDF models for local subsurface scattering take account of surface roughness— typically by using microfacet theory with a diffuse micro-BRDF fμ—and some do not.The deciding factor for which type of model to use is not simply how rough the surface is, though this is a common misconception. The correct deciding factor relates to the relative size of the surface irregularities and the subsurface scattering distances.

一些用于局部次表面散射的BRDF模型考虑了表面粗糙度——通常通过使用具有扩散微BRDF fμ的微表面理论——而一些则没有。决定使用哪种模型的因素不仅仅是表面有多粗糙，尽管这是一个普遍的误解。正确的决定因素与表面不规则性的相对大小和地下散射距离有关。

See Figure 9.40. If the microgeometry irregularities are larger than the subsurface scattering distances (top left of figure), then the subsurface scattering will exhibit microgeometry-related effects such as retroreflection (Figure 9.29 on page 331). For such surfaces a rough-surface diffuse model should be used. As mentioned above, such models are typically based on microfacet theory, with the subsurface scattering treated as local to each microfacet, thus only affecting the micro-BRDF fμ.

参见图9.40。如果微观几何不规则性大于地下散射距离(图的左上)，那么地下散射将表现出微观几何相关的效应，如逆反射(图9.29)。对于这样的表面，应该使用粗糙表面漫射模型。如上所述，这种模型通常基于微界面理论，将地下散射视为每个微界面的局部，因此仅影响微BRDF fμ。

Figure 9.40. Three surfaces with similar NDFs but different relationships between the scale of the microgeometry and the subsurface scattering distances. On the top left, the subsurface scattering distances are smaller than the surface irregularities. On the top right, scattering distances are larger than the surface irregularities. The bottom figure shows a microsurface with roughness at multiple scales. The dashed red line represents the effective surface that only contains microstructure larger than the subsurface scattering distances. 

图9.40。三个表面具有相似的NDF，但微几何尺度和次表面散射距离之间的关系不同。在左上角，地下散射距离小于表面不规则性。在右上角，散射距离大于表面不规则性。下图显示了具有多种尺度粗糙度的微表面。红色虚线表示仅包含大于次表面散射距离的微结构的有效表面。

If the scattering distances are all larger than the irregularities (top right of Figure 9.40), then the surface should be considered flat for the purpose of modeling subsurface scattering, and effects such as retroreflection will not occur. Subsurface scattering is not local to a microfacet, and cannot be modeled via microfacet theory. In this case, a smooth-surface diffuse model should be used.

如果散射距离都大于不规则性(图9.40的右上方)，那么为了模拟地下散射，表面应该被认为是平坦的，并且诸如回射之类的效应不会发生。地下散射不是微相的局部，不能通过微相理论来模拟。在这种情况下，应该使用平滑表面漫射模型。

In the intermediate case where the surface has roughness at scales both larger and smaller than the scattering distances, then a rough-surface diffuse model should be used, but with an effective surface that includes only irregularities larger than the scattering distances. Both diffuse and specular reflectance can be modeled with microfacet theory, but each with a different roughness value. The specular term will use a value based on the roughness of the actual surface, and the diffuse term will use a lower value, based on the roughness of the effective surface.

在中间情况下，表面在大于和小于散射距离的尺度上具有粗糙度，那么应该使用粗糙表面漫射模型，但是有效表面仅包括大于散射距离的不规则性。漫反射和镜面反射都可以用微表面理论来建模，但每一种都有不同的粗糙度值。镜面反射项将使用基于实际表面粗糙度的值，漫反射项将使用基于有效表面粗糙度的较低值。

The scale of observation also ties into this, since it determines the definition of “microgeometry.” For example, the moon is often cited as a case where rough-surface diffuse models should be used, since it exhibits significant retroreflection. When we look at the moon from the earth, the scale of observation is such that even a five-foot boulder is “microgeometry.” Thus it is not surprising that we observe rough-surface diffuse effects such as retroreflection.

观察的尺度也与此相关，因为它决定了“微观几何”的定义例如，月亮经常被引用作为粗糙表面漫射模型应该被使用的例子，因为它表现出显著的回射。当我们从地球上看月球时，观测的尺度是如此之大，以至于即使一个五英尺的巨石也是“微几何”。因此，毫不奇怪，我们观察到粗糙表面的漫射效应，如回射。