TRANSFER LEARNING FOR COMPUTER VISION TUTORIAL

最新推荐文章于 2023-08-16 09:31:47 发布

孙琪翔

最新推荐文章于 2023-08-16 09:31:47 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_37909240/article/details/108486973

版权

在本教程中，大家将学习如何使用迁移学习训练卷积神经网络进行图像分类。大家可以在cs231n notes阅读有关迁移学习的更多信息。

引用这些注释，

在实践中，很少有人从头开始训练整个卷积网络（使用随机初始化），因为拥有足够大小的数据集相对很少。取而代之的是，通常在非常大的数据集上对ConvNet进行预训练（例如ImageNet，其中包含120万个具有1000个类别的图像），然后将ConvNet用作初始化或固定特征提取器以完成感兴趣的任务。

这两个主要的迁移学习方案如下所示：

微调convnet：我们不是使用随机初始化，而是使用预训练的网络初始化网络，就像在imagenet 1000数据集上训练的网络一样。其余的训练看起来像往常一样。
ConvNet作为固定特征提取器：在这里，我们将冻结除最终完全连接层之外的所有网络的权重。最后一个完全连接的层将替换为具有随机权重的新层，并且仅训练该层。

# License: BSD
# Author: Sasank Chilamkurthy

from __future__ import print_function, division

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.optim import lr_scheduler
import numpy as np
import torchvision
from torchvision import datasets, models, transforms
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time
import os
import copy

plt.ion()   # interactive mode

Load Data

我们将使用torchvision和torch.utils.data包来加载数据。

我们今天要解决的问题是训练一个模型来对蚂蚁和蜜蜂进行分类。我们为蚂蚁和蜜蜂提供了大约120张训练图像。每个类别有75个验证图像。通常，如果从头开始训练，这是一个很小的数据集。由于我们正在使用迁移学习，因此我们应该能够很好地概括。

该数据集是imagenet的很小一部分。

注意

从here 下载数据并将其解压缩到当前目录。

# Data augmentation and normalization for training
# Just normalization for validation
data_transforms = {
    'train': transforms.Compose([
        transforms.RandomResizedCrop(224),
        transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
    ]),
    'val': transforms.Compose([
        transforms.Resize(256),
        transforms.CenterCrop(224),
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
    ]),
}

data_dir = 'data/hymenoptera_data'
image_datasets = {x: datasets.ImageFolder(os.path.join(data_dir, x),
                                          data_transforms[x])
                  for x in ['train', 'val']}
dataloaders = {x: torch.utils.data.DataLoader(image_datasets[x], batch_size=4,
                                             shuffle=True, num_workers=4)
              for x in ['train', 'val']}
dataset_sizes = {x: len(image_datasets[x]) for x in ['train', 'val']}
class_names = image_datasets['train'].classes

device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")

Visualize a few images

让我们可视化一些训练图像以了解数据augmentations。

def imshow(inp, title=None):
    """Imshow for Tensor."""
    inp = inp.numpy().transpose((1, 2, 0))
    mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406])
    std = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
    inp = std * inp + mean
    inp = np.clip(inp, 0, 1)
    plt.imshow(inp)
    if title is not None:
        plt.title(title)
    plt.pause(0.001)  # pause a bit so that plots are updated


# Get a batch of training data
inputs, classes = next(iter(dataloaders['train']))

# Make a grid from batch
out = torchvision.utils.make_grid(inputs)

imshow(out, title=[class_names[x] for x in classes])

Training the model

现在，让我们编写一个通用函数来训练模型。在这里，我们将说明：

Scheduling the learning rate
Saving the best model

在下面，parameter scheduler是的LR调度程序对象 torch.optim.lr_scheduler。

def train_model(model, criterion, optimizer, scheduler, num_epochs=25):
    since = time.time()

    best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())
    best_acc = 0.0

    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        print('Epoch {}/{}'.format(epoch, num_epochs - 1))
        print('-' * 10)

        # Each epoch has a training and validation phase
        for phase in ['train', 'val']:
            if phase == 'train':
                model.train()  # Set model to training mode
            else:
                model.eval()   # Set model to evaluate mode

            running_loss = 0.0
            running_corrects = 0

            # Iterate over data.
            for inputs, labels in dataloaders[phase]:
                inputs = inputs.to(device)
                labels = labels.to(device)

                # zero the parameter gradients
                optimizer.zero_grad()

                # forward
                # track history if only in train
                with torch.set_grad_enabled(phase == 'train'):
                    outputs = model(inputs)
                    _, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)
                    loss = criterion(outputs, labels)

                    # backward + optimize only if in training phase
                    if phase == 'train':
                        loss.backward()
                        optimizer.step()

                # statistics
                running_loss += loss.item() * inputs.size(0)
                running_corrects += torch.sum(preds == labels.data)
            if phase == 'train':
                scheduler.step()

            epoch_loss = running_loss / dataset_sizes[phase]
            epoch_acc = running_corrects.double() / dataset_sizes[phase]

            print('{} Loss: {:.4f} Acc: {:.4f}'.format(
                phase, epoch_loss, epoch_acc))

            # deep copy the model
            if phase == 'val' and epoch_acc > best_acc:
                best_acc = epoch_acc
                best_model_wts = copy.deepcopy(model.state_dict())

        print()

    time_elapsed = time.time() - since
    print('Training complete in {:.0f}m {:.0f}s'.format(
        time_elapsed // 60, time_elapsed % 60))
    print('Best val Acc: {:4f}'.format(best_acc))

    # load best model weights
    model.load_state_dict(best_model_wts)
    return model

Visualizing the model predictions

通用功能，显示一些图像的预测

def visualize_model(model, num_images=6):
    was_training = model.training
    model.eval()
    images_so_far = 0
    fig = plt.figure()

    with torch.no_grad():
        for i, (inputs, labels) in enumerate(dataloaders['val']):
            inputs = inputs.to(device)
            labels = labels.to(device)

            outputs = model(inputs)
            _, preds = torch.max(outputs, 1)

            for j in range(inputs.size()[0]):
                images_so_far += 1
                ax = plt.subplot(num_images//2, 2, images_so_far)
                ax.axis('off')
                ax.set_title('predicted: {}'.format(class_names[preds[j]]))
                imshow(inputs.cpu().data[j])

                if images_so_far == num_images:
                    model.train(mode=was_training)
                    return
        model.train(mode=was_training)

Finetuning the convnet

加载预训练的模型并重置最终的完全连接层。

model_ft = models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
num_ftrs = model_ft.fc.in_features
# Here the size of each output sample is set to 2.
# Alternatively, it can be generalized to nn.Linear(num_ftrs, len(class_names)).
model_ft.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2)

model_ft = model_ft.to(device)

criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

# Observe that all parameters are being optimized
optimizer_ft = optim.SGD(model_ft.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)

# Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs
exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_ft, step_size=7, gamma=0.1)

Train and evaluate

在CPU上大约需要15-25分钟。但是在GPU上，此过程不到一分钟。

model_ft = train_model(model_ft, criterion, optimizer_ft, exp_lr_scheduler,
                       num_epochs=25)

输出：

Epoch 0/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5303 Acc: 0.7254
val Loss: 0.1851 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 1/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6292 Acc: 0.7500
val Loss: 0.2400 Acc: 0.8954


Epoch 2/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5178 Acc: 0.7951
val Loss: 0.4620 Acc: 0.8170


Epoch 3/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6185 Acc: 0.7746
val Loss: 0.4558 Acc: 0.8105


Epoch 4/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5016 Acc: 0.8033
val Loss: 0.2238 Acc: 0.9085


Epoch 5/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5401 Acc: 0.7787
val Loss: 0.2541 Acc: 0.9150


Epoch 6/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6555 Acc: 0.7746
val Loss: 0.7163 Acc: 0.8235


Epoch 7/24
----------
train Loss: 0.6747 Acc: 0.7787
val Loss: 0.4213 Acc: 0.9150


Epoch 8/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3433 Acc: 0.8730
val Loss: 0.4561 Acc: 0.8954


Epoch 9/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3233 Acc: 0.8689
val Loss: 0.3941 Acc: 0.8954


Epoch 10/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2835 Acc: 0.8730
val Loss: 0.3506 Acc: 0.9020


Epoch 11/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2457 Acc: 0.9139
val Loss: 0.3053 Acc: 0.9216


Epoch 12/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3091 Acc: 0.8730
val Loss: 0.3371 Acc: 0.9085


Epoch 13/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2078 Acc: 0.9303
val Loss: 0.3243 Acc: 0.9085


Epoch 14/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3594 Acc: 0.8648
val Loss: 0.3140 Acc: 0.9085


Epoch 15/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2887 Acc: 0.8893
val Loss: 0.3262 Acc: 0.9085


Epoch 16/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2889 Acc: 0.8852
val Loss: 0.3708 Acc: 0.9020


Epoch 17/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2343 Acc: 0.9139
val Loss: 0.3128 Acc: 0.9150


Epoch 18/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2302 Acc: 0.9098
val Loss: 0.3695 Acc: 0.9085


Epoch 19/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2817 Acc: 0.8770
val Loss: 0.3139 Acc: 0.9150


Epoch 20/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3369 Acc: 0.8525
val Loss: 0.3220 Acc: 0.9020


Epoch 21/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2474 Acc: 0.8852
val Loss: 0.3119 Acc: 0.9150


Epoch 22/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3421 Acc: 0.8689
val Loss: 0.3006 Acc: 0.9216


Epoch 23/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3327 Acc: 0.8730
val Loss: 0.3396 Acc: 0.9085


Epoch 24/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2350 Acc: 0.9262
val Loss: 0.3474 Acc: 0.9085


Training complete in 1m 9s
Best val Acc: 0.941176
v

ConvNet as fixed feature extractor

在这里，我们需要冻结除最后一层之外的所有网络。我们需要设置requires_grad == False冻结参数，以免在backward()计算梯度。

大家可以在here的文档中了解更多信息。

model_conv = torchvision.models.resnet18(pretrained=True)
for param in model_conv.parameters():
    param.requires_grad = False

# Parameters of newly constructed modules have requires_grad=True by default
num_ftrs = model_conv.fc.in_features
model_conv.fc = nn.Linear(num_ftrs, 2)

model_conv = model_conv.to(device)

criterion = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

# Observe that only parameters of final layer are being optimized as
# opposed to before.
optimizer_conv = optim.SGD(model_conv.fc.parameters(), lr=0.001, momentum=0.9)

# Decay LR by a factor of 0.1 every 7 epochs
exp_lr_scheduler = lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer_conv, step_size=7, gamma=0.1)

Train and evaluate

与以前的方案相比，在CPU上将花费大约一半的时间。这是可以预期的，因为对于大多数网络而言，不需要计算gradients。但是，确实需要计算forward。

model_conv = train_model(model_conv, criterion, optimizer_conv,
                         exp_lr_scheduler, num_epochs=25)

输出：

Epoch 0/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5981 Acc: 0.6516
val Loss: 0.1949 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 1/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5211 Acc: 0.7582
val Loss: 0.2598 Acc: 0.9020


Epoch 2/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4479 Acc: 0.8074
val Loss: 0.1734 Acc: 0.9542


Epoch 3/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3378 Acc: 0.8156
val Loss: 0.2151 Acc: 0.9281


Epoch 4/24
----------
train Loss: 0.5440 Acc: 0.7746
val Loss: 0.2629 Acc: 0.8824


Epoch 5/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4266 Acc: 0.7910
val Loss: 0.1794 Acc: 0.9346


Epoch 6/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4519 Acc: 0.8238
val Loss: 0.1495 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 7/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3560 Acc: 0.8320
val Loss: 0.2136 Acc: 0.9346


Epoch 8/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3114 Acc: 0.8484
val Loss: 0.1568 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 9/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3586 Acc: 0.8320
val Loss: 0.1704 Acc: 0.9542


Epoch 10/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3900 Acc: 0.8484
val Loss: 0.1714 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 11/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3598 Acc: 0.8279
val Loss: 0.1672 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 12/24
----------
train Loss: 0.2808 Acc: 0.8770
val Loss: 0.1608 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 13/24
----------
train Loss: 0.4493 Acc: 0.7910
val Loss: 0.1614 Acc: 0.9477


Epoch 14/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3615 Acc: 0.8361
val Loss: 0.2065 Acc: 0.9281


Epoch 15/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3940 Acc: 0.8402
val Loss: 0.2140 Acc: 0.9346


Epoch 16/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3014 Acc: 0.8934
val Loss: 0.1559 Acc: 0.9477


Epoch 17/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3259 Acc: 0.8402
val Loss: 0.1603 Acc: 0.9477


Epoch 18/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3714 Acc: 0.8525
val Loss: 0.1664 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 19/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3091 Acc: 0.8607
val Loss: 0.1965 Acc: 0.9346


Epoch 20/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3468 Acc: 0.8607
val Loss: 0.1600 Acc: 0.9346


Epoch 21/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3002 Acc: 0.8770
val Loss: 0.1672 Acc: 0.9477


Epoch 22/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3168 Acc: 0.8443
val Loss: 0.1595 Acc: 0.9412


Epoch 23/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3108 Acc: 0.8525
val Loss: 0.1531 Acc: 0.9477


Epoch 24/24
----------
train Loss: 0.3812 Acc: 0.8402
val Loss: 0.1546 Acc: 0.9346


Training complete in 0m 34s
Best val Acc: 0.954248
visualize_model(model_conv)

Further Learning

如果大家想了解有关迁移学习的更多信息，请查看 Quantized Transfer Learning for Computer Vision Tutorial.

接下来，给大家介绍一下租用GPU做实验的方法，我们是在智星云租用的GPU，使用体验很好。具体大家可以参考：智星云官网： http://www.ai-galaxy.cn/，淘宝店：https://shop36573300.taobao.com/公众号: 智星AI

参考文献：

https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/transfer_learning_tutorial.html

https://pytorch.org/tutorials/intermediate/quantized_transfer_learning_tutorial.html

https://pytorch.org/docs/master/notes/autograd.html

https://cs231n.github.io/transfer-learning/

https://download.pytorch.org/tutorial/hymenoptera_data.zip

孙琪翔

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TRANSFER LEARNING FOR COMPUTER VISION TUTORIAL

在本教程中，大家将学习如何使用迁移学习训练卷积神经网络进行图像分类。大家可以在cs231n notes阅读有关迁移学习的更多信息。引用这些注释，在实践中，很少有人从头开始训练整个卷积网络（使用随机初始化），因为拥有足够大小的数据集相对很少。取而代之的是，通常在非常大的数据集上对ConvNet进行预训练（例如ImageNet，其中包含120万个具有1000个类别的图像），然后将ConvNet用作初始化或固定特征提取器以完成感兴趣的任务。这两个主要的迁移学习方案如下所示：微调convnet：
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