VTK：频域处理——低通滤波（理想+巴特沃斯）

1.低通滤波器

低通滤波是将频域图像中的高频部分滤除而通过低频部分。图像的边缘和噪声对应于频域图像中的高频部分，而低频滤波的作用即是减弱这部分作用，从而达到图像平滑去噪的目的。

2.理想低通滤波器

最简单的低通滤波器是理想的滤波器，基本思想是给定一个频率阈值，将高于该与值的所有部分设置为0，而低于该频率的值保持不变。
理想是指滤波器不能用电子元器件来实现，但是可以通过计算来模拟。
在VTK中定义了理想低通滤波器，
步骤：
①、首先读入一副jpg图片，通过vtkImageFFT将图像转换到频域空间。vtkImageIdealLowPass对频域图像做理想低通滤波
②、需要通过SetXCutOff（）和SetYCutOff（）。
③、执行完成后，需要通过VTKImageRFFT处理后的频域图像张翰至空域图像。
###注意1，转换后的图像的每个像素都是复数，需要vtkIamgeExtractComponents将图像的第一个分量提出出来，否在不能正常显示。
###注意2.由于傅里叶变换输入的数据类型大都是double类型，为了方便显示，还需要将其转换成Unsinged char类型，这里vtkIamgeCast负责类型转换。

#include <vtkAutoInit.h>
VTK_MODULE_INIT(vtkRenderingOpenGL2);
VTK_MODULE_INIT(vtkInteractionStyle);
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkJPEGReader.h>
#include <vtkImageFFT.h>
#include <vtkImageIdealLowPass.h>
#include <vtkImageData.h>
#include <vtkImageRFFT.h>
#include <vtkImageCast.h>
#include <vtkImageExtractComponents.h>
#include <vtkImageActor.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>

int main()
{
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkJPEGReader> reader =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkJPEGReader>::New();
	reader->SetFileName("data/Lena.jpg");
	reader->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageFFT> fftFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageFFT>::New();
	fftFilter->SetInputConnection(reader->GetOutputPort());
	fftFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageIdealLowPass> lowPassFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageIdealLowPass>::New();
	lowPassFilter->SetInputConnection(fftFilter->GetOutputPort());
	lowPassFilter->SetXCutOff(0.05);
	lowPassFilter->SetYCutOff(0.05);
	lowPassFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageRFFT> rfftFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageRFFT>::New();
	rfftFilter->SetInputConnection(lowPassFilter->GetOutputPort());
	rfftFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageExtractComponents> ifftExtractReal =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageExtractComponents>::New();
	ifftExtractReal->SetInputConnection(rfftFilter->GetOutputPort());
	ifftExtractReal->SetComponents(0);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCast> castFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCast>::New();
	castFilter->SetInputConnection(ifftExtractReal->GetOutputPort());
	castFilter->SetOutputScalarTypeToUnsignedChar();
	castFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> originalActor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
	originalActor->SetInputData(reader->GetOutput());

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> erodedActor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
	erodedActor->SetInputData(castFilter->GetOutput());

	double leftViewport[4] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 };
	double rightViewport[4] = { 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> leftRenderer =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
	leftRenderer->AddActor(originalActor);
	leftRenderer->ResetCamera();
	leftRenderer->SetViewport(leftViewport);
	leftRenderer->SetBackground(1.0, 0, 0);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> rightRenderer =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
	rightRenderer->AddActor(erodedActor);
	rightRenderer->SetViewport(rightViewport);
	rightRenderer->ResetCamera();
	rightRenderer->SetBackground(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow> renderWindow =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow>::New();
	renderWindow->AddRenderer(rightRenderer);
	renderWindow->AddRenderer(leftRenderer);
	renderWindow->SetSize(640, 320);
	renderWindow->SetWindowName("Frequency_IdealLowPassFilter");

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> interactor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
	interactor->SetRenderWindow(renderWindow);
	renderWindow->Render();
	interactor->Start();

	return 0;
}

3.巴特沃斯低通滤波器

在实际经常使用巴特沃斯滤波器。巴特沃斯滤波器对应的转移函数（可以看做是一个系数矩阵）是：
其中D(u,v)表示频域点(u,v)到频域图像原点的距离，称为截止频率，当D(u,v) = 时，H(u,v)=0.5，即对应的频域能量将为原来的一半。因为巴特沃斯低通滤波器在高低频间的过渡平滑，因此不会出现明显的振铃效应。VTK中实现巴特沃斯低通滤波器的类是vtkImageButterworthLowPass.
————————————————
代码：

#include <vtkAutoInit.h>
VTK_MODULE_INIT(vtkRenderingOpenGL2);
VTK_MODULE_INIT(vtkInteractionStyle);


#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkJPEGReader.h>
#include <vtkImageFFT.h>
#include <vtkImageButterworthLowPass.h>
#include <vtkImageRFFT.h>
#include <vtkImageExtractComponents.h>
#include <vtkImageCast.h>
#include <vtkImageActor.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>
#include <vtkInteractorStyleImage.h>

int main()
{
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkJPEGReader> reader =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkJPEGReader>::New();
	reader->SetFileName("data/Lena.jpg");
	reader->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageFFT> fftFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageFFT>::New();
	fftFilter->SetInputConnection(reader->GetOutputPort());
	fftFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageButterworthLowPass> lowPassFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageButterworthLowPass>::New();
	lowPassFilter->SetInputConnection(fftFilter->GetOutputPort());
	lowPassFilter->SetXCutOff(0.05);
	lowPassFilter->SetYCutOff(0.05);
	lowPassFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageRFFT> rfftFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageRFFT>::New();
	rfftFilter->SetInputConnection(lowPassFilter->GetOutputPort());
	rfftFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageExtractComponents> ifftExtractReal =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageExtractComponents>::New();
	ifftExtractReal->SetInputConnection(rfftFilter->GetOutputPort());
	ifftExtractReal->SetComponents(0);

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCast> castFilter =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageCast>::New();
	castFilter->SetInputConnection(ifftExtractReal->GetOutputPort());
	castFilter->SetOutputScalarTypeToUnsignedChar();
	castFilter->Update();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> originalActor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
	originalActor->SetInputData(reader->GetOutput());

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor> erodedActor =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkImageActor>::New();
	erodedActor->SetInputData(castFilter->GetOutput());
	///
	double leftViewport[4] = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 };
	double rightViewport[4] = { 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0 };
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> leftRenderer =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
	leftRenderer->AddActor(originalActor);
	leftRenderer->SetViewport(leftViewport);
	leftRenderer->SetBackground(1.0, 0, 0);
	leftRenderer->ResetCamera();

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer> rightRenderer =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderer>::New();
	rightRenderer->AddActor(erodedActor);
	rightRenderer->SetViewport(rightViewport);
	rightRenderer->SetBackground(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
	rightRenderer->ResetCamera();
	//
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow> rw =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindow>::New();
	rw->AddRenderer(leftRenderer);
	rw->AddRenderer(rightRenderer);
	rw->SetSize(640, 320);
	rw->SetWindowName("ButterworthLowPassExample");

	vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> rwi =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkRenderWindowInteractor>::New();
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage> style =
		vtkSmartPointer<vtkInteractorStyleImage>::New();
	rwi->SetInteractorStyle(style);
	rwi->SetRenderWindow(rw);
	rwi->Start();

	return 0;
}