论文复现：土卫六（Titan）大气参数计算

1 大气参数

土卫六（Titan）是土星最大的卫星，也是太阳系第二大的卫星，同时是太阳系中唯一一个拥有浓厚大气层的卫星，其表面大气密度约为地球的4.4倍，大气高度约为600km，表面重力加速度约为地球的1/6，因此非常方便大气进入和表面发射任务的实施。
这里参考相关文献^{1 2}中卡西尼-惠更斯号的测量数据，粗略计算土卫六的大气参数，包括大气温度、大气密度、大气声速和大气压强。

2 计算公式

文献已有数据：

数据	变量名称	数值	单位
高度	Height	0~1300	$km$
大气分子数	Number	测量值	$c{m}^{-3}$
大气质量	Mass	测量值	$g/c{m}^3$
大气压强	Pressure	测量值	$erg/c{m}^3=J/m^3=Pa=N/m^2=kg/(m{s}^2)$
大气温度	Temperature	测量值	$K$
通用气体常数	$R_{univ}$	8.314	$J/(Kmol)$
大气比热比	$\gamma$	1.4	无

平均分子质量： $\mu =Mass/\left(Number/Mol\right)$
大气密度：$P=10\cdot \mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}$
大气温度：$T=Temperature$
大气声速：$C_s=30\cdot \sqrt{\gamma R_{univ}T/\mu }$
大气密度：$\rho =P\cdot \mu /(R_{univ}T)/1000/100$

需要注意的是：文献中的大气声速和大气密度公式中没有乘以30和除以100这两个系数。当计算公式中没有这两个系数时，计算出的大气参数趋势和文献中的曲线一致，但数值不对，因此添加上这两个系数保证计算出的数值和文献数值基本保持一致。

3 MATLAB程序

采用linear插值计算各项大气参数

function [AtmoTemp, AtmoSpeed, AtmoPress, AtmoDensity]=TitanAtmosphere(Height)
% 计算Titan的大气温度、速度、压强、密度
% clc; clear all; close all;
% Height = [0:1000:1000e3];
% 参考文献
% [1] Engineering model for titan's atmosphere
% [2] Huygens' entry and descent through Titan's atmosphere methodology and results
% of the trajectory reconstruction
% [3] Atmospheric entry of large meteoroids: implication to Titan
% [4] The ESA Huygens probe entry and descent trajectory reconstruction
% 其余文献
% [5] A model for the vertical sound speed and absorption profiles inTitan's
% atmosphere based on Cassini-Huygens data 及其参考文献13: (Huygens号测量的全部大气数据) 
% [5-13] https://atmos.nmsu.edu/PDS/data/hphasi_0001/DATA/PROFILES/
% [6] Aerocapture Systems Analysis for a Titan Missior
% [7] Aerocapture Simulation and Performance for the Titan Explorer Mission
% [8] In situ measurements of the physical characteristics of Titan's environment
% [9] The vertical structure of Titan's upper atmosphere from Cassini lon Neutral Mass Spectrometer measurements
% [10] Atmospheric Environments for Entry Descent and Landing (EDL)【各种行星大气参数公式】

H = Height./1000; % km 输入行向量
H = (all(H>0,1)-all(H>1300,1)).*H + all(H>1300,1).*1300;%高度只能在[0-1300] km
    
%以下数据来源[1]表3
Z=[1300:-5:205, 200:-2:6, 5,4,3,2,1.5,1,0.5,0]; % km

Mol=6.02214076E+23; %1 mol的数量

Number=[.229E+09 .241E+09 .255E+09 .269E+09 .285E+09 .301E+09 .318E+09 .336E+09 .356E+09 .376E+09 ...
.398E+09 .421E+09 .446E+09 .472E+09 .499E+09 .529E+09 .560E+09 .593E+09 .629E+09 .666E+09 ...
.706E+09 .749E+09 .794E+09 .842E+09 .894E+09 .948E+09 .101E+10 .107E+10 .113E+10 .120E+10 ...
.128E+10 .136E+10 .144E+10 .153E+10 .163E+10 .173E+10 .184E+10 .196E+10 .209E+10 .222E+10 ...
.236E+10 .251E+10 .268E+10 .285E+10 .303E+10 .323E+10 .344E+10 .367E+10 .391E+10 .417E+10 ...
.445E+10 .474E+10 .506E+10 .540E+10 .576E+10 .613E+10 .657E+10 .701E+10 .749E+10 .800E+10 ...
.855E+10 .913E+10 .976E+10 .104E+11 .112E+11 .119E+11 .128E+11 .137E+11 .146E+11 .157E+11 ...
.168E+11 .180E+11 .192E+11 .206E+11 .221E+11 .237E+11 .254E+11 .272E+11 .292E+11 .314E+11 ...
.337E+11 .362E+11 .389E+11 .418E+11 .450E+11 .484E+11 .521E+11 .562E+11 .605E+11 .653E+11 ...
.705E+11 .761E+11 .822E+11 .888E+11 .961E+11 .104E+12 .113E+12 .122E+12 .132E+12 .143E+12 ...
.156E+12 .169E+12 .184E+12 .200E+12 .218E+12 .237E+12 .259E+12 .282E+12 .308E+12 .336E+12 ...
.368E+12 .402E+12 .441E+12 .483E+12 .530E+12 .582E+12 .639E+12 .703E+12 .773E+12 .852E+12 ...
.939E+12 .104E+13 .114E+13 .126E+13 .140E+13 .155E+13 .172E+13 .190E+13 .211E+13 .235E+13 ...
.261E+13 .290E+13 .323E+13 .360E+13 .401E+13 .448E+13 .500E+13 .558E+13 .624E+13 .697E+13 ...
.780E+13 .872E+13 .976E+13 .109E+14 .122E+14 .137E+14 .153E+14 .172E+14 .192E+14 .215E+14 ...
.240E+14 .268E+14 .299E+14 .334E+14 .372E+14 .415E+14 .462E+14 .513E+14 .571E+14 .634E+14 ...
.703E+14 .780E+14 .864E+14 .957E+14 .106E+15 .117E+15 .130E+15 .143E+15 .158E+15 .174E+15 ...
.192E+15 .212E+15 .234E+15 .258E+15 .284E+15 .312E+15 .344E+15 .378E+15 .416E+15 .458E+15 ...
.504E+15 .555E+15 .610E+15 .671E+15 .738E+15 .812E+15 .894E+15 .983E+15 .108E+16 .119E+16 ...
.131E+16 .145E+16 .159E+16 .176E+16 .194E+16 .214E+16 .236E+16 .261E+16 .289E+16 .319E+16 ...
.354E+16 .392E+16 .434E+16 .481E+16 .534E+16 .593E+16 .659E+16 .732E+16 .815E+16 .908E+16 ...
.101E+17 .113E+17 .126E+17 .141E+17 .158E+17 .176E+17 .198E+17 .222E+17 .249E+17 .280E+17 ...
.315E+17 .331E+17 .347E+17 .364E+17 .382E+17 .401E+17 .421E+17 .442E+17 .464E+17 .487E+17 ...
.512E+17 .538E+17 .565E+17 .594E+17 .624E+17 .656E+17 .690E+17 .726E+17 .764E+17 .804E+17 ...
.846E+17 .890E+17 .938E+17 .987E+17 .104E+18 .110E+18 .116E+18 .122E+18 .128E+18 .136E+18 ...
.144E+18 .152E+18 .161E+18 .170E+18 .180E+18 .190E+18 .201E+18 .214E+18 .227E+18 .242E+18 ...
.257E+18 .272E+18 .289E+18 .307E+18 .327E+18 .348E+18 .369E+18 .393E+18 .421E+18 .449E+18...
.481E+18 .514E+18 .551E+18 .592E+18 .639E+18 .686E+18 .735E+18 .795E+18 .866E+18 .948E+18 ...
.104E+19 .114E+19 .126E+19 .139E+19 .156E+19 .179E+19 .206E+19 .243E+19 .289E+19 .341E+19 ...
.396E+19 .457E+19 .525E+19 .599E+19 .682E+19 .775E+19 .879E+19 .998E+19 .113E+20 .129E+20 ...
.146E+20 .165E+20 .186E+20 .211E+20 .237E+20 .267E+20 .300E+20 .336E+20 .376E+20 .419E+20 ...
.467E+20 .519E+20 .575E+20 .635E+20 .701E+20 .772E+20 .846E+20 .925E+20 .967E+20 .101E+21 ...
.105E+21 .109E+21 .112E+21 .114E+21 .116E+21 .118E+21];%大气数量密度 1/cm^3

Mass=[.100E-13 .106E-13 .112E-13 .119E-13 .126E-13 .133E-13 .141E-13 .149E-13 .158E-13 .167E-13 ...
.177E-13 .187E-13 .198E-13 .210E-13 .222E-13 .236E-13 .250E-13 .265E-13 .281E-13 .298E-13 ...
.316E-13 .335E-13 .356E-13 .378E-13 .401E-13 .426E-13 .452E-13 .480E-13 .510E-13 .542E-13 ...
.576E-13 .612E-13 .651E-13 .692E-13 .736E-13 .783E-13 .833E-13 .886E-13 .943E-13 .100E-12 ...
.107E-12 .114E-12 .121E-12 .129E-12 .138E-12 .147E-12 .156E-12 .167E-12 .178E-12 .190E-12 ...
.202E-12 .216E-12 .230E-12 .246E-12 .262E-12 .280E-12 .299E-12 .320E-12 .341E-12 .365E-12 ...
.390E-12 .417E-12 .446E-12 .477E-12 .510E-12 .545E-12 .584E-12 .625E-12 .669E-12 .716E-12 ...
.767E-12 .821E-12 .880E-12 .943E-12 .101E-11 .108E-11 .116E-11 .125E-11 .134E-11 .144E-11 ...
.154E-11 .166E-11 .178E-11 .192E-11 .206E-11 .222E-11 .239E-11 .258E-11 .278E-11 .300E-11 ...
.323E-11 .349E-11 .377E-11 .408E-11 .441E-11 .478E-11 .517E-11 .560E-11 .608E-11 .659E-11 ...
.716E-11 .778E-11 .845E-11 .920E-11 .100E-10 .109E-10 .119E-10 .130E-10 .142E-10 .155E-10 ...
.169E-10 .185E-10 .203E-10 .222E-10 .244E-10 .268E-10 .294E-10 .324E-10 .356E-10 .392E-10 ...
.432E-10 .477E-10 .527E-10 .582E-10 .644E-10 .713E-10 .791E-10 .877E-10 .973E-10 .108E-09 ...
.120E-09 .134E-09 .149E-09 .166E-09 .185E-09 .206E-09 .230E-09 .257E-09 .287E-09 .321E-09 ...
.359E-09 .402E-09 .450E-09 .504E-09 .564E-09 .631E-09 .707E-09 .791E-09 .886E-09 .991E-09 ...
.111E-08 .124E-08 .138E-08 .154E-08 .172E-08 .191E-08 .213E-08 .237E-08 .263E-08 .292E-08 ...
.324E-08 .360E-08 .399E-08 .442E-08 .489E-08 .541E-08 .598E-08 .660E-08 .729E-08 .805E-08 ...
.888E-08 .979E-08 .108E-07 .119E-07 .131E-07 .144E-07 .159E-07 .175E-07 .192E-07 .211E-07 ...
.233E-07 .256E-07 .281E-07 .310E-07 .341E-07 .375E-07 .412E-07 .454E-07 .500E-07 .550E-07 ...
.606E-07 .668E-07 .736E-07 .812E-07 .895E-07 .988E-07 .109E-06 .121E-06 .133E-06 .147E-06 ...
.163E-06 .181E-06 .200E-06 .222E-06 .246E-06 .274E-06 .304E-06 .338E-06 .376E-06 .419E-06 ...
.467E-06 .521E-06 .582E-06 .650E-06 .728E-06 .815E-06 .913E-06 .102E-05 .115E-05 .129E-05 ...
.146E-05 .153E-05 .160E-05 .168E-05 .176E-05 .185E-05 .194E-05 .204E-05 .214E-05 .225E-05 ...
.236E-05 .248E-05 .261E-05 .274E-05 .288E-05 .303E-05 .319E-05 .335E-05 .353E-05 .371E-05 ...
.390E-05 .411E-05 .433E-05 .456E-05 .480E-05 .506E-05 .533E-05 .565E-05 .592E-05 .629E-05 ...
.665E-05 .702E-05 .743E-05 .784E-05 .829E-05 .875E-05 .930E-05 .989E-05 .105E-04 .112E-04 ...
.118E-04 .126E-04 .134E-04 .142E-04 .151E-04 .160E-04 .170E-04 .181E-04 .194E-04 .207E-04 ...
.222E-04 .237E-04 .254E-04 .273E-04 .295E-04 .317E-04 .339E-04 .367E-04 .400E-04 .438E-04 ...
.479E-04 .527E-04 .581E-04 .641E-04 .721E-04 .827E-04 .951E-04 .112E-03 .133E-03 .157E-03 ...
.183E-03 .211E-03 .243E-03 .277E-03 .315E-03 .358E-03 .406E-03 .461E-03 .522E-03 .594E-03 ...
.673E-03 .761E-03 .860E-03 .972E-03 .110E-02 .123E-02 .139E-02 .155E-02 .174E-02 .193E-02 ...
.216E-02 .240E-02 .265E-02 .293E-02 .324E-02 .356E-02 .391E-02 .427E-02 .446E-02 .467E-02 ...
.486E-02 .505E-02 .515E-02 .524E-02 .534E-02 .544E-02]; %大气质量密度 gm/cm^3 = g/cm^3 ? 


Pressure=[.552E-05 .583E-05 .616E-05 .651E-05 .687E-05 .727E-05 .768E-05 .812E-05 .859E-05 .908E-05 ...
.961E-05 .102E-04 .108E-04 .114E-04 .121E-04 .128E-04 .135E-04 .143E-04 .152E-04 .161E-04 ...
.171E-04 .181E-04 .192E-04 .203E-04 .216E-04 .229E-04 .243E-04 .258E-04 .274E-04 .291E-04 ...
.309E-04 .328E-04 .349E-04 .370E-04 .394E-04 .419E-04 .445E-04 .473E-04 .504E-04 .536E-04 ...
.570E-04 .607E-04 .646E-04 .688E-04 .733E-04 .781E-04 .832E-04 .886E-04 .945E-04 .101E-03 ...
.107E-03 .115E-03 .122E-03 .130E-03 .139E-03 .149E-03 .159E-03 .169E-03 .181E-03 .193E-03 ...
.206E-03 .221E-03 .236E-03 .252E-03 .270E-03 .288E-03 .308E-03 .330E-03 .353E-03 .378E-03 ...
.405E-03 .434E-03 .464E-03 .498E-03 .533E-03 .572E-03 .613E-03 .657E-03 .705E-03 .756E-03 ...
.811E-03 .871E-03 .935E-03 .100E-02 .108E-02 .116E-02 .125E-02 .134E-02 .144E-02 .155E-02 ...
.167E-02 .180E-02 .194E-02 .209E-02 .226E-02 .243E-02 .263E-02 .284E-02 .307E-02 .331E-02 ...
.358E-02 .388E-02 .420E-02 .455E-02 .493E-02 .535E-02 .581E-02 .631E-02 .685E-02 .745E-02 ...
.811E-02 .883E-02 .962E-02 .105E-01 .114E-01 .125E-01 .137E-01 .149E-01 .163E-01 .179E-01 ...
.196E-01 .215E-01 .236E-01 .260E-01 .286E-01 .314E-01 .346E-01 .382E-01 .422E-01 .466E-01 ...
.515E-01 .570E-01 .631E-01 .699E-01 .776E-01 .861E-01 .957E-01 .106E+00 .118E+00 .132E+00 ...
.147E+00 .164E+00 .183E+00 .204E+00 .228E+00 .255E+00 .286E+00 .320E+00 .358E+00 .401E+00 ...
.449E+00 .503E+00 .563E+00 .631E+00 .706E+00 .791E+00 .885E+00 .991E+00 .111E+01 .124E+01 ...
.139E+01 .155E+01 .173E+01 .193E+01 .215E+01 .240E+01 .268E+01 .298E+01 .332E+01 .369E+01 ...
.411E+01 .457E+01 .507E+01 .563E+01 .625E+01 .694E+01 .769E+01 .853E+01 .945E+01 .105E+02 ...
.116E+02 .128E+02 .142E+02 .157E+02 .174E+02 .192E+02 .213E+02 .235E+02 .260E+02 .287E+02 ...
.317E+02 .351E+02 .388E+02 .429E+02 .474E+02 .524E+02 .580E+02 .641E+02 .710E+02 .785E+02 ...
.870E+02 .963E+02 .107E+03 .118E+03 .131E+03 .145E+03 .161E+03 .179E+03 .199E+03 .221E+03 ...
.246E+03 .274E+03 .305E+03 .340E+03 .379E+03 .423E+03 .473E+03 .529E+03 .591E+03 .662E+03 ...
.742E+03 .777E+03 .813E+03 .852E+03 .892E+03 .934E+03 .979E+03 .103E+04 .107E+04 .113E+04 ...
.118E+04 .124E+04 .130E+04 .136E+04 .143E+04 .150E+04 .157E+04 .165E+04 .173E+04 .182E+04 ...
.191E+04 .201E+04 .211E+04 .222E+04 .233E+04 .245E+04 .257E+04 .271E+04 .285E+04 .300E+04 ...
.315E+04 .332E+04 .350E+04 .368E+04 .388E+04 .409E+04 .431E+04 .455E+04 .480E+04 .506E+04 ...
.535E+04 .565E+04 .597E+04 .631E+04 .668E+04 .706E+04 .748E+04 .792E+04 .838E+04 .889E+04 ...
.943E+04 .100E+05 .106E+05 .113E+05 .120E+05 .128E+05 .136E+05 .145E+05 .155E+05 .165E+05 ...
.177E+05 .190E+05 .204E+05 .220E+05 .237E+05 .257E+05 .280E+05 .306E+05 .338E+05 .375E+05 ...
.419E+05 .470E+05 .528E+05 .596E+05 .673E+05 .760E+05 .859E+05 .972E+05 .110E+06 .125E+06 ...
.141E+06 .160E+06 .181E+06 .206E+06 .233E+06 .264E+06 .298E+06 .337E+06 .381E+06 .429E+06 ...
.484E+06 .545E+06 .612E+06 .687E+06 .769E+06 .861E+06 .961E+06 .107E+07 .113E+07 .119E+07 ...
.126E+07 .132E+07 .136E+07 .139E+07 .143E+07 .146E+07]; %大气压 erg/cm^3, 1 erg = 1e-7 J, J/m^3=Pa=N/m^2=kg/(m*s^2)

Temperature=[175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 ...
175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 ...
175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 ...
175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 ...
175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 ...
175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 ...
175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 ...
175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 174.98 174.94 174.86 174.76 ...
174.63 174.48 174.29 174.08 173.85 173.58 173.30 172.98 172.65 172.28 ...
171.90 171.49 171.05 170.60 170.12 169.61 169.09 168.55 167.98 167.39 ...
166.79 166.16 165.51 164.85 164.17 163.47 162.75 162.02 161.27 160.51 ...
159.74 158.95 158.15 157.33 156.51 155.68 154.84 153.99 153.14 152.28 ...
151.42 150.56 149.70 148.84 147.99 147.14 146.29 145.46 144.64 143.83 ...
143.04 142.27 141.52 140.79 140.09 139.43 138.79 138.19 137.64 137.12 ...
136.65 136.24 135.87 135.57 135.33 135.15 135.04 135.00 135.05 135.22 ...
135.49 135.85 136.32 136.87 137.50 138.22 139.01 139.86 140.78 141.75 ...
142.78 143.85 144.96 146.10 147.28 148.48 149.70 150.93 152.18 153.43 ...
154.69 155.94 157.19 158.44 159.67 160.88 162.08 163.25 164.40 165.52 ...
166.61 167.66 168.68 169.66 170.60 171.49 172.33 173.12 173.85 174.53 ...
175.15 175.71 176.21 176.65 177.03 177.36 177.63 177.85 178.01 178.13 ...
178.19 178.21 178.17 178.09 177.97 177.80 177.58 177.32 177.02 176.68 ...
176.30 175.88 175.42 174.92 174.39 173.82 173.21 172.58 171.91 171.21 ...
170.48 170.18 169.88 169.57 169.26 168.94 168.62 168.30 167.97 167.64 ...
167.30 166.96 166.62 166.27 165.92 165.57 165.22 164.86 164.50 164.14 ...
163.77 163.41 163.04 162.67 162.29 161.92 161.50 160.26 160.79 159.36 ...
158.55 158.25 157.45 157.18 156.51 156.34 155.11 153.80 153.11 151.73 ...
151.00 150.28 149.61 149.01 148.06 147.31 146.73 145.98 144.47 143.37 ...
142.06 140.91 139.70 138.05 136.15 134.90 134.20 132.19 129.47 126.41 ...
123.61 120.42 117.51 114.55 109.90 103.94 98.37 91.37 84.71 79.89 ...
76.87 74.56 73.05 72.21 71.70 71.33 71.11 70.93 70.84 70.64 ...
70.66 70.91 71.17 71.41 71.81 72.34 72.92 73.68 74.55 75.63 ...
76.43 77.59 78.88 80.19 81.56 83.01 84.72 86.47 87.40 88.20 ...
89.26 90.54 91.22 91.90 92.58 93.28]; % K

Runiv = 8.314; %J/K/mol in [1]
gamma = 1.4; %ratio of specific heats in [3]
% mu = mean molecular weight in [2] 百度的单位是 g/mol
% Mass =  molecular mass in [1] 
mu = Mass./(Number/Mol); %转换为 g/mol
P = Pressure*10; %erg/cm^3 转换为 J/m^3=Pa=N/m^2
T = Temperature; % Kelvin

%根据[2]的公式(11)和(13)，趋势一致，但比例不对，Cs差大概30倍，
% Density差大概100倍，这里直接放大相应倍数【因此模型不太准确】
Cs = 30*sqrt(gamma*Runiv*T./mu);
Density = P.*mu./(Runiv*T)/1000/100; % 转换成 kg/m^3

% % figure,
% % plot(Pressure,Z)
% % xlabel('大气压强 (erg/cm^3)'); ylabel('高度 (km)')
% % 
% % figure,
% % plot(Temperature,Z)
% % xlabel('大气温度 (K)'); ylabel('高度 (km)')

% figure,
% plot(Cs,Z); grid on;
% xlabel('大气声速 (m/s)'); ylabel('高度 (km)')
% figure,
% plot(Density,Z); grid on; %plot semilogx
% xlabel('大气密度 (kg/m^3)'); ylabel('高度 (km)')

% % 参考文献[5-13]的数据【准确数据，但是不全】
% %Huggens号进入段数据 time [ms] altitude [m] pressure [Pa] tempreature [K] Density [kg/m^3]
% e_data = importdata('6_HASI_L4_ATMO_PROFILE_ENTRY.TAB.txt'); %【实际上只有4列】
% %Huggens号下降段数据 time [ms] altitude [m] pressure [Pa] tempreature [K] Density [kg/m^3]
% d_data =  importdata('4_HASI_L4_ATMO_PROFILE_DESCEN.TAB.txt');

AtmoTemp = interp1(Z,Temperature,H);
AtmoSpeed = interp1(Z,Cs,H);
AtmoPress = interp1(Z,Pressure,H);
AtmoDensity = interp1(Z,Density,H);
end

4 仿真结果

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1. 参考程序中注释 ↩︎

2. Huygens号测量的原始大气数据：https://atmos.nmsu.edu/PDS/data/hphasi_0001/DATA/PROFILES/ ↩︎