OpenCV - 1 numpy的基础操作

1. numpy的基础操作

1.1 数据格式

dtype：data type
数据格式： float， uint8， float32
shape
ndim：维度

1.2 创建不同数据格式的数组

列表转直接数组

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(x)
print(x.dtype)

输出

[1 2 3]
int32

列表转指定数据格式的数组

y = np.uint8([1, 1, 1])
print(y)
print(y.dtype)

输出

[1 1 1]
uint8

z = np.float32(x)
print(z)  # [1. 2. 3.]
print(z.dtype)  # float32

输出

[1. 2. 3.]
float32

1.3 numpy的几个函数

np.arange()

start, end, step
start：t默认为0
step：默认为1

nprange = np.arange(10)
print(nprange)
print(nprange.dtype)

# [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
# int32

nprange2 = np.arange(2, 10, 1.5)  # start end step
print(nprange2)
print(nprange2.dtype)

# [2.  3.5 5.  6.5 8.  9.5]
# float64

np.linspace()

start, end, num
start：t默认为0
step：默认为1

nprange3 = np.linspace(0, 10, 21)  # start end num
print(nprange3)
print(nprange3.dtype)

# [ 0.   0.5  1.   1.5  2.   2.5  3.   3.5  4.   4.5  5.   5.5  6.   6.5	  7.   7.5  8.   8.5  9.   9.5 10. ]
# float64

np.zeros()

创建0矩阵

zero_array = np.zeros((2, 4), dtype=np.uint8)
print(zero_array)
print(zero_array.dtype)

# [[0 0 0 0]
#  [0 0 0 0]]
# uint8

np.ones()

创建1矩阵

one_array = np.ones((3, 3), dtype=np.float32)
print(one_array)
print(one_array.dtype)

# [[1. 1. 1.]
#  [1. 1. 1.]
#  [1. 1. 1.]]
# float32

np.identity() 创建单位矩阵

创建单位矩阵

# 创建单位矩阵
unit_narray = np.identity(4)  # 秩
print(unit_narray.dtype)
print(unit_narray)

# float64
# [[1. 0. 0. 0.]
#  [0. 1. 0. 0.]
#  [0. 0. 1. 0.]
#  [0. 0. 0. 1.]]

np.eye() 创建单位矩阵

创建单位矩阵

unit_narray2 = np.eye(3)  # 秩
print(unit_narray2.dtype)
print(unit_narray2)

# float64
# [[1. 0. 0.]
#  [0. 1. 0.]
#  [0. 0. 1.]]

np.random.randint()

start, end, shape, dtype

random_narray = np.random.randint(0, 256, (3, 3), dtype=np.uint8)  # start end shape dtype
print(random_narray.dtype)
print(random_narray)

# uint8
# [[185  20 160]
#  [169 216  57]
#  [100 138 106]]

1.4 矩阵变换

A.reshape()

重新设置矩阵的形状

A = np.ones((3,3), dtype=np.uint8)
print(A)
print(A.reshape((1,9)))
print(A.reshape((1,-1)))

# [[1 1 1]
#  [1 1 1]
#  [1 1 1]]
# [[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]]
# [[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]]

A.flatten() 将矩阵拉平为一维

print(A.flatten())

# [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]

A.ravel() 将矩阵拉平为一维

print(A.ravel())

# [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]

A.T 转置

B = np.random.randint(0, 30, (3,3), dtype=np.uint8)
print(B)
print(B.T)

# [[17  8 26]
#  [ 4  0  5]
#  [21 17 19]]
# [[17  4 21]
#  [ 8  0 17]
#  [26  5 19]]

A.transpose() 转置

B = np.random.randint(0, 30, (3,3), dtype=np.uint8)
print(B)
print(B.transpose())

# [[17  8 26]
#  [ 4  0  5]
#  [21 17 19]]
# [[17  4 21]
#  [ 8  0 17]
#  [26  5 19]]

np.hstack() 水平堆叠矩阵

水平堆叠矩阵

print(np.hstack([A, B, A, B]))

# [[ 1  1  1 17  8 26  1  1  1 17  8 26]
#  [ 1  1  1  4  0  5  1  1  1  4  0  5]
#  [ 1  1  1 21 17 19  1  1  1 21 17 19]]

np.vstack() 竖直堆叠矩阵

print(np.vstack([A, B, A, B]))

# [[ 1  1  1]
#  [ 1  1  1]
#  [ 1  1  1]
#  [17  8 26]
#  [ 4  0  5]
#  [21 17 19]
#  [ 1  1  1]
#  [ 1  1  1]
#  [ 1  1  1]
#  [17  8 26]
#  [ 4  0  5]
#  [21 17 19]]

1.5 numpy统计矩阵特征

print(B.mean())  # 针对整个矩阵而言
print(np.mean(B))
print(B.max())  # 针对整个矩阵而言
print(np.max(B))
print(B.min())  # 针对整个矩阵而言
print(np.min(B))

print(B.max(axis=0))  # 列方向
print(B.max(axis=1))  # 行方向

# 13.0
# 13.0
# 26
# 26
# 0
# 0
# [21 17 26]
# [26  5 21]

1.6 矩阵数学运算

矩阵相加

对应位置相加

print(np.hstack([A, B]))  # 方便查看数据
print(A + B)

# [[ 1  1  1 17  8 26]
#  [ 1  1  1  4  0  5]
#  [ 1  1  1 21 17 19]]
# [[18  9 27]
#  [ 5  1  6]
#  [22 18 20]]

矩阵相减

对应位置相减

print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(B - A)

# [[ 1  1  1 17  8 26]
#  [ 1  1  1  4  0  5]
#  [ 1  1  1 21 17 19]]
# [[ 16   7  25]
#  [  3 255   4]
#  [ 20  16  18]]

矩阵相乘

对应位置相乘

print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(A * B)

# [[ 1  1  1 20 28 23]
#  [ 1  1  1  2 25  2]
#  [ 1  1  1  2 10  9]]
# [[20 28 23]
#  [ 2 25  2]
#  [ 2 10  9]]

矩阵相除

对应位置相除

print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(B / A)

# [[ 1  1  1 21  8  5]
#  [ 1  1  1  0 11 26]
#  [ 1  1  1  6  7 26]]
# [[21.  8.  5.]
#  [ 0. 11. 26.]
#  [ 6.  7. 26.]]

np.power() 幂函数

各元素做幂运算

print(B)
print(np.power(B, 2))  # 平方
print(np.power(B, 0.5))  # 开方
print(np.sqrt(B))  # 开方

# [[ 1 26  6]
#  [27 28 22]
#  [ 8  0 12]]
# 
# [[  1 676  36]
#  [729 784 484]
#  [ 64   0 144]]
# 
# [[1.         5.09901951 2.44948974]
#  [5.19615242 5.29150262 4.69041576]
#  [2.82842712 0.         3.46410162]]
# 
# [[1.         5.09901951 2.44948974]
#  [5.19615242 5.29150262 4.69041576]
#  [2.82842712 0.         3.46410162]]

np.log() 对数函数

各元素做对数运算

print(np.log(B + 1))  # +1是为了避免真数为0， 默认底数为e
print(np.log2(B + 1))  # +1是为了避免真数为0， 默认底数为e
print(np.log10(B + 1))  # +1是为了避免真数为0， 默认底数为e

# [[0.69314718 3.29583687 1.94591015]
#  [3.33220451 3.36729583 3.13549422]
#  [2.19722458 0.         2.56494936]]
# 
# [[1.         4.7548875  2.80735492]
#  [4.80735492 4.857981   4.52356196]
#  [3.169925   0.         3.70043972]]
# 
# [[0.30103    1.43136376 0.84509804]
#  [1.44715803 1.462398   1.36172784]
#  [0.95424251 0.         1.11394335]]

点乘和叉乘

print(A)
print(x)
print(A * x)  # numpy的广播机制
print(x * A)  # numpy的广播机制
print(A @ x)
print(A.dot(x))
print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(A.dot(B))

# A
# [[1 1 1]
#  [1 1 1]
#  [1 1 1]]

# x
# [1 2 3]

# A * x
# [[1 2 3]
#  [1 2 3]
#  [1 2 3]]

#  x * A
# [[1 2 3]
#  [1 2 3]
#  [1 2 3]]

# A @ x
# [6 6 6]

# A.dot(x)
# [6 6 6]

# np.hstack([A, B])
# [[ 1  1  1  1 26  6]
#  [ 1  1  1 27 28 22]
#  [ 1  1  1  8  0 12]]

# A.dot(B)
# [[36 54 40]
#  [36 54 40]
#  [36 54 40]]

1.7 矩阵元素值获取、修改

获取

print(B)
print(B[0, :])  # 第0行，所有列
print(B[:,1])  # 所有行，第1列
print(B[1:3,1:3])
print(B[0,0])

# B
# [[11 23 29]
#  [15 17  5]
# [ 3 19 17]]

# B[0, :]
# [11 23 29]

# B[:,1]
# [23 17 19]

# B[1:3,1:3]
# [[17  5]
# [19 17]]

# B[0,0]
# 11

修改

print(B)
B[1,1] = 666
print(B)
B[0, :] = np.array([3,3,3])
print(B)

# [[29 10  1]
#  [20  5 28]
#  [ 5  1  2]]
 
# [[ 29  10   1]
#  [ 20 666  28]
#  [  5   1   2]]

# [[  3   3   3]
#  [ 20 666  28]
#  [  5   1   2]]

完整代码

# 学习网址：
# https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1YA411K7pp?p=5&spm_id_from=pageDriver

import numpy as np

x = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(x)  # [1 2 3]
print(x.dtype)  # int32

y = np.uint8([1, 1, 1])
print(y)  # [1 1 1]
print(y.dtype)  # uint8

z = np.float32(x)
print(z)  # [1. 2. 3.]
print(z.dtype)  # float32

"""np的几个函数"""
# 1. range  linspace
nprange = np.arange(10)
print(nprange)  # [0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]
print(nprange.dtype)  # int32

nprange2 = np.arange(2, 10, 1.5)  # start end step
print(nprange2)  # [2.  3.5 5.  6.5 8.  9.5]
print(nprange2.dtype)  # float64

nprange3 = np.linspace(0, 10, 21)  # start end num
print(nprange3)
print(nprange3.dtype)

# 2. np.zeros()  np.ones()  np.eye()  np.identity  np.random.randint()
# 创建0矩阵
zero_array = np.zeros((2, 4), dtype=np.uint8)
print(zero_array.dtype)  # uint8
print(zero_array)  # [[0 0 0 0][0 0 0 0]]

# 创建1矩阵
one_array = np.ones((3, 3), dtype=np.float32)
print(one_array)  # [[1 1 1][1 1 1][1 1 1]]
print(one_array.dtype)  # float32

# 创建单位矩阵
unit_narray = np.identity(4)  # 秩
print(unit_narray.dtype)  # float64
print(unit_narray)  # [[1. 0. 0. 0.][0. 1. 0. 0.][0. 0. 1. 0.][0. 0. 0. 1.]]

unit_narray2 = np.eye(3)  # 秩
print(unit_narray2.dtype)
print(unit_narray2)

# 创建随机数矩阵
random_narray = np.random.randint(0, 256, (3, 3), dtype=np.uint8)  # start end shape dtype
print(random_narray.dtype)
print(random_narray)

"""4. 矩阵转换"""
# A.reshape()  A.flatten()  A.ravlel()  A.T  A.transpose()  np.hstack([A, B])

# A.reshape()
A = np.ones((3, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
print(A)
# [[1 1 1]
#  [1 1 1]
#  [1 1 1]]
print(A.reshape((1, 9)))  # [[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]]
print(A.reshape((1, -1)))  # [[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]]

# A.flatten()  拉平为一维
print(A.flatten())  # [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]

# A.ravlel()
print(A.ravel())  # [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]

# 转置  A.T   A.transpose()
B = np.random.randint(0, 30, (3, 3), dtype=np.uint32)
print(B)
print(B.T)
print(B.transpose())

# np.hstack([A, B, C, ...])  # 水平堆叠
print(np.hstack([A, B, A, B]))

# np.vstack([A, B, C, ...])  # 竖直堆叠
print(np.vstack([A, B, A, B]))

"""5. 矩阵统计方法 最大值、最小值、均值、"""
print(B.mean())  # 针对整个矩阵而言
print(np.mean(B))
print(B.max())  # 针对整个矩阵而言
print(np.max(B))
print(B.min())  # 针对整个矩阵而言
print(np.min(B))

print(B.max(axis=0))  # 列方向
print(B.max(axis=1))  # 行方向

"""6. 数学运算"""
# 矩阵相加 --> 对应位置相加
print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(A + B)

# 矩阵相减 --> 对应位置相减
print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(B - A)

# 矩阵叉乘 --> 对应位置相乘
print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(A * B)

# 矩阵相除 --> 对应位置相除
print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(B / A)

# 幂函数 --> 对每个位置的数值进行幂运算
print(B)
print(np.power(B, 2))  # 平方
print(np.power(B, 0.5))  # 开方
print(np.sqrt(B))  # 开方

# log函数
print(np.log(B + 1))  # +1是为了避免真数为0， 默认底数为e
print(np.log2(B + 1))  # +1是为了避免真数为0， 默认底数为e
print(np.log10(B + 1))  # +1是为了避免真数为0， 默认底数为e

print(A)
print(x)
print(A * x)  # numpy的广播机制
print(x * A)  # numpy的广播机制
print(A @ x)
print(A.dot(x))
print(np.hstack([A, B]))
print(A.dot(B))

# 矩阵元素获取
print(B)
print(B[0, :])  # 第0行，所有列
print(B[:,1])  # 所有行，第1列
print(B[1:3,1:3])
print(B[0,0])

# 修改矩阵中的元素值
print(B)
B[1,1] = 666
print(B)
B[0, :] = np.array([3,3,3])
print(B)