数字图像与机器视觉基础补充1
彩色图片
位图
文件头查看
我用的是notepad++,使用时需要在其查看库里安装HEX-Editor
打开bmp文件后点击这个
32彩.bmp
16彩.bmp
16色.bmp
256色.bmp
单色.bmp
压缩
奇异值分解(SVD)
import numpy as np
import os
from PIL import Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl
from pprint import pprint
def restore1(sigma, u, v, K): # 奇异值、左特征向量、右特征向量
m = len(u)
n = len(v[0])
a = np.zeros((m, n))
for k in range(K):
uk = u[:, k].reshape(m, 1)
vk = v[k].reshape(1, n)
a += sigma[k] * np.dot(uk, vk)
a[a < 0] = 0
a[a > 255] = 255
# a = a.clip(0, 255)
return np.rint(a).astype('uint8')
def restore2(sigma, u, v, K): # 奇异值、左特征向量、右特征向量
m = len(u)
n = len(v[0])
a = np.zeros((m, n))
for k in range(K+1):
for i in range(m):
a[i] += sigma[k] * u[i][k] * v[k]
a[a < 0] = 0
a[a > 255] = 255
return np.rint(a).astype('uint8')
if __name__ == "__main__":
A = Image.open("./集原美.jpg", 'r')
print(A)
output_path = r'./SVD_Output'
if not os.path.exists(output_path):
os.mkdir(output_path)
a = np.array(A)
print(a.shape)
K = 50
u_r, sigma_r, v_r = np.linalg.svd(a[:, :, 0])
u_g, sigma_g, v_g = np.linalg.svd(a[:, :, 1])
u_b, sigma_b, v_b = np.linalg.svd(a[:, :, 2])
plt.figure(figsize=(11, 9), facecolor='w')
mpl.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['simHei']
mpl.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
for k in range(1, K+1):
print(k)
R = restore1(sigma_r, u_r, v_r, k)
G = restore1(sigma_g, u_g, v_g, k)
B = restore1(sigma_b, u_b, v_b, k)
I = np.stack((R, G, B), axis=2)
Image.fromarray(I).save('%s\\svd_%d.png' % (output_path, k))
if k <= 12:
plt.subplot(3, 4, k)
plt.imshow(I)
plt.axis('off')
plt.title('奇异值个数:%d' % k)
plt.suptitle('SVD与图像分解', fontsize=20)
plt.tight_layout()
# plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.9)
plt.show()
奇异值越少图片越模糊
采用图像的开闭运算(腐蚀-膨胀),检测出2个样本图像中硬币、细胞的个数。
硬币
import cv2
import numpy as np
def stackImages(scale, imgArray):
"""
将多张图像压入同一个窗口显示
:param scale:float类型,输出图像显示百分比,控制缩放比例,0.5=图像分辨率缩小一半
:param imgArray:元组嵌套列表,需要排列的图像矩阵
:return:输出图像
"""
rows = len(imgArray)
cols = len(imgArray[0])
rowsAvailable = isinstance(imgArray[0], list)
width = imgArray[0][0].shape[1]
height = imgArray[0][0].shape[0]
if rowsAvailable:
for x in range(0, rows):
for y in range(0, cols):
if imgArray[x][y].shape[:2] == imgArray[0][0].shape[:2]:
imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)
else:
imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (imgArray[0][0].shape[1], imgArray[0][0].shape[0]),
None, scale, scale)
if len(imgArray[x][y].shape) == 2: imgArray[x][y] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x][y], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
imageBlank = np.zeros((height, width, 3), np.uint8)
hor = [imageBlank] * rows
hor_con = [imageBlank] * rows
for x in range(0, rows):
hor[x] = np.hstack(imgArray[x])
ver = np.vstack(hor)
else:
for x in range(0, rows):
if imgArray[x].shape[:2] == imgArray[0].shape[:2]:
imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)
else:
imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (imgArray[0].shape[1], imgArray[0].shape[0]), None, scale, scale)
if len(imgArray[x].shape) == 2: imgArray[x] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
hor = np.hstack(imgArray)
ver = hor
return ver
# 读取图片
src = cv2.imread("yb.png")
img = src.copy()
# 灰度
img_1 = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# 二值化
ret, img_2 = cv2.threshold(img_1, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
# 腐蚀
kernel = np.ones((20, 20), int)
img_3 = cv2.erode(img_2, kernel, iterations=1)
# 膨胀
kernel = np.ones((3, 3), int)
img_4 = cv2.dilate(img_3, kernel, iterations=1)
# 找到硬币中心
contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(img_4, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_NONE)[-2:]
# 标识硬币
cv2.drawContours(img, contours, -1, (0, 0, 255), 5)
# 显示图片
cv2.putText(img, "count:{}".format(len(contours)), (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(src, "src", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_1, "gray", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_2, "thresh", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_3, "erode", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
cv2.putText(img_4, "dilate", (0, 30), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 1.0, (255, 0, 0), 3)
imgStack = stackImages(1, ([src, img_1, img_2], [img_3, img_4, img]))
cv2.imshow("imgStack", imgStack)
cv2.waitKey(0)
细胞
原理同上
采用图像梯度、开闭、轮廓运算等,对图片中的条形码进行定位提取;再调用条码库获得条码字符。
import cv2
import numpy as np
import imutils
from pyzbar import pyzbar
def stackImages(scale, imgArray):
"""
将多张图像压入同一个窗口显示
:param scale:float类型,输出图像显示百分比,控制缩放比例,0.5=图像分辨率缩小一半
:param imgArray:元组嵌套列表,需要排列的图像矩阵
:return:输出图像
"""
rows = len(imgArray)
cols = len(imgArray[0])
rowsAvailable = isinstance(imgArray[0], list)
width = imgArray[0][0].shape[1]
height = imgArray[0][0].shape[0]
if rowsAvailable:
for x in range(0, rows):
for y in range(0, cols):
if imgArray[x][y].shape[:2] == imgArray[0][0].shape[:2]:
imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)
else:
imgArray[x][y] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x][y], (imgArray[0][0].shape[1], imgArray[0][0].shape[0]),
None, scale, scale)
if len(imgArray[x][y].shape) == 2: imgArray[x][y] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x][y], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
imageBlank = np.zeros((height, width, 3), np.uint8)
hor = [imageBlank] * rows
hor_con = [imageBlank] * rows
for x in range(0, rows):
hor[x] = np.hstack(imgArray[x])
ver = np.vstack(hor)
else:
for x in range(0, rows):
if imgArray[x].shape[:2] == imgArray[0].shape[:2]:
imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (0, 0), None, scale, scale)
else:
imgArray[x] = cv2.resize(imgArray[x], (imgArray[0].shape[1], imgArray[0].shape[0]), None, scale, scale)
if len(imgArray[x].shape) == 2: imgArray[x] = cv2.cvtColor(imgArray[x], cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)
hor = np.hstack(imgArray)
ver = hor
return ver
# 读取图片
src = cv2.imread("x.png")
img = src.copy()
# 灰度
img_1 = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# 高斯滤波
img_2 = cv2.GaussianBlur(img_1, (5, 5), 1)
# Sobel算子
sobel_x = cv2.Sobel(img_2, cv2.CV_64F, 1, 0, ksize=3)
sobel_y = cv2.Sobel(img_2, cv2.CV_64F, 0, 1, ksize=3)
sobel_x = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobel_x)
sobel_y = cv2.convertScaleAbs(sobel_y)
img_3 = cv2.addWeighted(sobel_x, 0.5, sobel_y, 0.5, 0)
# 均值方波
img_4 = cv2.blur(img_3, (5, 5))
# 二值化
ret, img_5 = cv2.threshold(img_4, 127, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
# 闭运算
kernel = np.ones((100, 100), int)
img_6 = cv2.morphologyEx(img_5, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
# 开运算
kernel = np.ones((200, 200), int)
img_7 = cv2.morphologyEx(img_6, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
# 绘制条形码区域
contours = cv2.findContours(img_7, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
contours = imutils.grab_contours(contours)
c = sorted(contours, key=cv2.contourArea, reverse=True)[0]
rect = cv2.minAreaRect(c)
box = cv2.cv.BoxPoints(rect) if imutils.is_cv2() else cv2.boxPoints(rect)
box = np.int0(box)
cv2.drawContours(img, [box], -1, (0, 255, 0), 20)
# 显示图片信息
cv2.putText(img, "results", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
cv2.putText(img_1, "gray", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
cv2.putText(img_2, "GaussianBlur", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
cv2.putText(img_3, "Sobel", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
cv2.putText(img_4, "blur", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
cv2.putText(img_5, "threshold", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
cv2.putText(img_6, "close", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
cv2.putText(img_7, "open", (200, 200), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 10.0, (255, 0, 0), 30)
# 输出条形码
barcodes = pyzbar.decode(src)
for barcode in barcodes:
barcodeData = barcode.data.decode("utf-8")
cv2.putText(img, barcodeData, (200, 600), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 5.0, (0, 255, 0), 30)
# 显示所有图片
imgStack = stackImages(0.1, ([img_1, img_2, img_3, img_4], [img_5, img_6, img_7, img]))
cv2.imshow("imgStack", imgStack)
cv2.waitKey(0)