The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers(中国学生写英语论文中最常见的错误)

中国学生写英语论文的常见错误总结


______________________________________________________________________ By Felicia Brittman

从中国作家的两百多篇英文技术论文中摘录。对这些习惯进行了解释,在大多数情况下,实际论文中的示例文本与首选文本一起给出。我们试图解释如何纠正和防止这种错误。在某些情况下,还对这种习惯发生的原因给出了可能的解释。本文可作为编辑技术论文的个人指南,特别是在没有英语为母语的编辑的情况下。

原文下载链接:http://papertalks.org/p/resources/Academic/EnglishWritingSkills/MostCommonEnglishWritingHabitsOfChinese.pdf


Introduction


很多中国大学都要求技术和科学领域的学生在国际期刊上至少发表一篇英文论文作为学位要求。 然而,许多因素使这项任务难以完成。 首先,以前的英语学习可能没有足够重视写作,更不用说技术写作。 目前的研究可能不包括英语,导致作家的英语流利程度下降。 第二,大多数作家从未在英语国家生活过。 第三,由于技术写作的特殊性,即使是以英语为母语的工程专业学生也有技术写作课程作为学习的一部分。

如果有条件,学生可以请英语为母语的人编辑论文。 如果有条件,学生可以让以英语为母语的人编辑他们的论文。 然而,对于一个有很多学生的系来说,这可能会变得很昂贵,每篇论文通常需要编辑两次。雇人编辑论文是很困难的,成本很高,而且只能在问题上打个补丁。 一个以英语为母语的人可以很好地消除大部分语法错误。 但是,如果这个人没有技术背景,特别是在他所编辑的论文领域,他就无法摆脱所有的错误并确保意思清楚。 他无法识别有标准词的技术术语的不正确翻译。 这种错误不会被处理器的拼写和语法检查器发现。 此外,如果他们不熟悉该主题或领域,他们可能无法把握整篇文章的含义,无法进行关键性的编辑。

让一个有技术背景的人去编辑论文是一个更好的选择。然而,虽然一个有技术背景的人可能能够充分编辑论文,但他可能无法向作者解释如何在未来防止此类错误。 此外,对于大多数中国大学来说,仅仅为了编辑而雇用这样的工作人员是很困难的。 大学可以考虑邀请一位访问学者,作为交流的一部分,他除了做研究或教学外,还将编辑论文。

在教给作家如何防止常见的错误和口语习惯,防止他们清楚地理解作家的想法。 那些已经掌握了令人印象深刻的英语语言的作家,只有当他们意识到他们的常见错误和口语习惯以及如何防止它们时,才能真正受益。


Purpose


本报告旨在介绍我所编辑的两百多篇论文中最常见的汉英写作习惯。 这些习惯包括语法错误、口语和格式问题,在大多数情况下妨碍了对作者思想的清晰理解。 少数习惯,如写极长的句子,可以通过仔细使用MS Word®的语法和风格检查器加以纠正。 然而,大多数习惯,如缺少冠词,都不会被自动语法检查设备注意到。 而且,汉英口语的习惯也不能被这类软件工具所识别。


Structure


常见习惯分两部分介绍。

第一部分列出了我认为最需要注意的习惯。 这些习惯打断了论文的流畅性,使其难以理解,而且出现的频率最高。 在这一节中,将对这些习惯进行解释,给出实际论文中的例句来说明这些习惯,并改写句子以说明正确的写作方法。 在缺少文章的情况下,还给出了一个流程图,以帮助选择正确的文章。

在第二节中,给出了一个额外的习惯列表。在某些情况下,会给出例句。在其他情况下,会给出建议。第二部分对于熟悉细微差别非常有用。

我所做的许多工作都是在个人的基础上进行的。 例如,作者们在为他们的论文命名和为新的技术观点命名时,很难简洁地表达其内容和功能。 这个问题经常发生,但只能个别解决。 一旦作家们意识到他们的习惯,他们将能够写出更好的技术英语文章。


Section 1


1. “a,an,the”

最常见的一个习惯是省略a、an和the。之所以会出现这种情况,是因为普通话没有与冠词直接对应的词,而且对于非母语人士来说,冠词的使用规则有些复杂。

冠词表示后面会有一个名词,冠词和名词之间的任何修饰语都指该名词 (a big blue bicycle / the first award)。A和an是不定冠词;the是一个定冠词。每次使用一个单数非计数名词(一个命名一个可数项的普通名词)时,该名词都需要某种限定词。

Mistake: The, a, and an

  1. 在需要的地方省略了
  2. 在不需要的地方使用,或造成词不达意
  3. 错误地使用正确的冠词
    Examples of incorrect usages:

Incorrect
Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitter blades.
Correct
Figure 2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the main and splitter blades.

Incorrect
The software PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves.
Correct
Thesoftware PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool; it is good at dealing with free surfaces and curves.
There was only one 3D modeling tool used in this study, therefore ‘3D modeling tool’ is specific and requires the article the.

Definitions:

①.Articles

冠词 也被称为限定词或名词标记,冠词是a、an和the。a和an是不定冠词,the是定冠词。
冠词表示后面有一个名词,冠词和名词之间的任何修饰语都指该名词( a cold , metal chair/ the lightning-fast computer)。

②.Determiners

限定词 一个词或词组,传统上被认为是一个形容词,它通过描述一个名词的多少来限制这个名词。(表示数量,限制形容词,标记)他们告诉一个名词是一般的 (a tree) 还是具体的 (the tree)。这是定冠词。名词前的the表示已知指的是具体的项目(the plan)。a和an是不定冠词。它们表示一个名词以一种非特定的或概括的方式(a plan)指代一个项目。

③.Common nouns:

普通名词 一个名词,用来命名一个普通的团体、地方、人或事物。

④.Count noun:

可数名词 命名可计数的一个或多个项目的名词:radio, streets,idea,fingernails。

⑤.Noncount nouns

不可数名词命名不可计数的事物的名词:water,time。

⑥.Specific noun

特定名词 一个被理解为确切地、具体地被提及的名词;使用定冠词the。

⑦.Nonspecific noun

非特定名词 指许多相同项目中的任何一个的名词;它需要不定冠词a,an。
在这里插入图片描述

2. Very long sentences

在汉英写作中,长句尤其常见,因为作者经常直接将汉语翻译成英语。虽然在汉语写作中,可以在句子中加入几个支持性观点来显示它们之间的关系,但在英语中,主旨和每个支持性观点通常是用单独的句子来写的。

一个人通常可以根据一个非常长的句子的长度识别出60个单词或更多。然而,如果长度较小的句子包含多个混淆主旨的语句,也可能太长。可以通过将每个句子限制为一个或两个主题来避免长句。分号应该用在作者真正想强调思想之间关系的地方。

Too long
According to the characteristic of fan-coil air-conditioningsystems, this paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the heat transfer theories and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Air- side, which can monitor the individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition–temperature and humidity–of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of inlet cooling water provided by thechiller.
Correct
This paper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on the characteristics of fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfer theories, and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called Cooling Metering on the Air-side. The new method can monitor individual air-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting the condition of inlet air – temperature and humidity – of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.

Too long
The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the gear gap has different output values corresponding to any given input value, non-linearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.
Correct
The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians, has different output values corresponding to any given input value. The non-linearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase function method. The existing backlashblock in the non-linear library of the Matlab/zdimulink toolbox can beused; the initial value of gear gap in the backlash block is set to zero.

另一种经常出现在技术论文中的超长句子是列表。作者希望给出大量数据,通常是参数值,并将这些信息放入一个长的段落大小的句子中。然而,给出此类类型和数量信息的最佳方式是将其制成表格(将其放入项目符号列表中)。

Too long
The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters; the thickness of the roof is 0.85 meters; the thickness of the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6 meters, the overall length of the axial cord is 304.5 meters, the length of the jacking section is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about 24127 tons.
Clear
在这里插入图片描述

3. Prefacing the main idea of a sentence by stating the purpose, location or reason first

——通过首先陈述目的、地点或原因来引出句子的中心思想

中国作家经常在一句话的前面,先说明目的、地点、原因、例子和条件,作为介绍性的元素。 然而,这样做的效果是降低了主旨的重要性,使读者认为作者是间接的。 把主旨放在句子的开头,然后再说明任何地点、原因等。

Incorrect
For the application in automobile interiors, this paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing.
Correct
This paper studies the nesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application in automobile interiors.

Incorrect
Inside the test box, the space was filled with asbestos.
Correct
The space inside the test box was filled with asbestos.

Incorrect
In practice, we employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.
Correct
We employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.

Incorrect
To ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.
Correct
CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensure sheet metal quality as well as assembly quality

4. Tendency of placing phrases which indicate time at the beginning of a sentence

——倾向于将表示时间的短语放在句首

Incorrect
When U is taken as the control parameter, the BDs for △=0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown in Fig. 8.
Correct
Figure 8 shows the BDs for △ =0.0, 0.001, and 0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.

5. Place the most important subject at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis

——将最重要的主题放在句首以示强调

Incorrect
Based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model, the extended STL format is described in this section.
Correct
The extended STL format is described in this section based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or a CAD model.
Incorrect
The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models are designed precisely with complicated surfaces.
Correct
The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models with complicated surfaces are designed precisely.

6. ‘which/ that’

Which‎所指的前置词(名词或代词)并不具体,会引起混淆。‎

前置词:代词所指的名词或代词。

7. ‘Respectively’ and ‘respective’

Respectively指的是两个或两个以上的人或事,只是按照他们之前被指定或提到的顺序。如果给出了两个列表,则根据给出的顺序分别对列表项进行配对。在这种情况下,使用分别是为了让作者给出大量信息,而不会让读者感到困惑,也不会写几个短句。分别通常在句末。在这两种情况下,提到顺序必须对句子的意思很重要,否则就不会被使用。
在这里插入图片描述

1. Respectively 放错了位置;它被放在它所指的名词之前。
Incorrect
Equations 2-6 can be respectively linearized as:……(equations given)…
Correct
Equations 2-6 can be linearized as:……(equations given)…, respectively.
Incorrect
The weights of the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.19
Correct
The weights of the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.

2. 插入“Respectively ”是为了表示某件事情是按照一定的顺序进行的。但是,顺序已经隐含在句子的其他地方,或者不需要表达,因为它不会增加句子的意义的价值。
Incorrect
Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the x-plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades respectively.
Correct
Then, the rows of vortex due to both of the long and short blades are transformed into two singularities on the x-plane and integrate the induced velocity along the blades.

3.“Respectively”指的是什么还不清楚。
Incorrect
The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before respectively.
Correct
The dynamic characteristics of a rotor with asymmetric stiffness or with initial warp have been studied before.
Incorrect
The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured using two thermocouples respectively.
Correct
The inlet and outlet temperature of the air cooler were measured by using two thermocouples.

8. ‘In this paper’, ‘in this study’

使用这些短语时会出现两个错误。

第一个错误是过度使用。在一些中国人写的论文中,这些短语每页最多出现两次。在以英语为母语的作家撰写的论文中,这些短语主要有两种用途
1、在引言和结语中强调了论文的内容。
2、在论文正文中,参考了作者在其他期刊文章或标准中未完成的工作。
因此,如果其中任何一个短语在一篇论文中出现三次以上,其用法就值得怀疑。事实上,读者知道所呈现的作品是作者的(除非作者另有说明),因此没有理由重复这些短语。

第二个错误更加微妙。这两个短语互换。

Awkward
In this paper, IDEAS was used to ….
Correct
In this study, IDEAS was used to….
Awkward
In the paper, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as thesample vehicle, it components equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing.
Correct
In this study, a SZG4031 towing tractor is used as the sample vehicle, it components equivalent physical parameters are obtained by UG design and testing.

“study”是作者所做的工作。"paper"是作品呈现的方式,也是读者所持有/阅读的内容。请记住,作者也可以使用其他短语,如“in this research”和“this paper present”。

9. Numbers and Equations

两个非常常见的错误是关于阿拉伯数字和方程的表示。中国作家通常写阿拉伯数字,而不是拼出这个词。然而,使用阿拉伯数字本身并不是一个错误;它们不应该用在句子的开头。

Incorrect
12 parameters were selected for the experiment.
Correct
Twelve parameters were selected for the experiment.

此外,阿拉伯数字被过度使用。技术论文中应使用阿拉伯数字提供数据,但不应使用阿拉伯数字提供一般信息

Incorrect
All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.
Correct
All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.

这可能是因为普通话是一种符号语言,而不是字母。因此,作者会发现用符号来表达思想比用文字来表达更容易。当以英语为母语的人不习惯用公式代替单词时,这个问题就更加严重了。考虑下面的例子。
应尽可能地引入方程,而不是用方程来代替文字。大多数期刊,如《国际生产研究杂志》,不鼓励在文中使用甚至是简短的表达方式。

Incorrect
If the power battery SOC > SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,…
Correct
If the power battery SOC is greater than SOClo and the driving torque belongs to the middle load,…
Incorrect
All 3 studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.
Correct
All three studies concluded that the mean temperature should be 30°C.

10. Format

①.Paragraphs

段落是发展一个主题或思想的一组句子。

段落是分开的,表示一个想法或想法的结束和另一个想法或想法的开始。所有英文段落都以一个大约一英寸的缩进或两段之间的额外一行开始。后者在商务写作中更为典型。

中国学生经常被分开的段落所迷惑;可能会执行以下两种错误之一。当作者未能区分两段时,就会出现第一种错误。虽然新段落从新行开始,但没有缩进,因此,读者没有意识到段落或观点的变化。第二种错误发生在段落前面的一行上有一个句子。单行与后续段落缩进,如示例#。这通常发生在中文文本中,但在英语中从未发生过。

②.‘Figure’ and ‘Table’

图和表的缩写分别为Fig.和Tbl。然而,在文本中很少看到table的缩写。人们也可以将fig.写为 figure。然而,应该选择一种约定并在本文中使用它。您不应在Figure、Figure、Fig或Fig之间切换。此外,句子开头不使用缩写,单词/缩写和数字之间有空格。

Incorrect
Figure.6, Figure6, Fig.6, Tbl10
Correct
Figure 6, Fig. 6, Tbl. 10

③.Variables

技术论文中的变量,尤其是英文字母的变量,应该用斜体字表示,以区别于英文单词。当然,这取决于期刊所要求的风格。

④.Capitals

注意不要让大写字母出现在句子的中间。

Incorrect
In table 1, The mark…
Correct
In table 1, the mark…

11.‘such as’ and ‘etc.’

“such as”和“etc.”是中国英语作家经常误用的词。
“such as”表示“for example”,并暗示将出现不完整的列表;“etc.”表示“and so on”,用于列表末尾,表示列表不完整
因此,同时使用‘such as’ and ‘etc.’ 是多余的。

Incorrect
Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors, printers, and etc.
Correct
Studies of methodology and process of implementing remanufacturing mainly focus on durable products such as automobile motors, and printers.

“such as”表示将给出不完整的列表,并且在给出完整列表时不应使用。

Incorrect
Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics such as high complexity, high precision and high automation.
Correct
Compared to traditional industry, Micro-electronic fabrication has three characteristics: high complexity, high precision and high automation.


Section 2


(1)一些单词具有相同的单数和复数形式,不需要添加s来使它们成为复数。这些词包括:

①. literature (when referring to research)
②. equipment,
③. staff(referring to a group of people)
④. faculty

(2)在中国英语作家经常使用的以下类型的短语中避免冗余

在这里插入图片描述

(3)某些词要求它们所修饰的名词是复数。这些包括different, various, and number words.

在这里插入图片描述

(4)不要用缩写和阿拉伯数字开始一个英语句子

such as Fig. and 8. Instead write Figure and Eight.

(5)不要写 ‘by this way’. 改写为 ‘by doing this’, or ‘using this method’.

(6)永远不要在句首写 ‘How to…’ . (Don’t say it ither.)

No
How to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.
Yes
Determining how to find the optimal parameter is the main objective.

(7)要写 ‘the results are shown in Figure 2’. 不要写 ‘the results are showed as Figure 2’.

(8)将文本中出现的变量斜体化,以将其与单词区分开来。当变量为英文字母时,这一点尤为重要。

要写‘The graph shows t, a, and C as a function of time’. 不要写 ‘The graph shows t, a, and C as a function of time’.

(9)避免在技术论文中以以下方式使用“obviously”

No
Obviously, detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.8
Yes
Detecting regimes by means of PMH maps is a novel method.8

(10)国际论文不应使用与位置相关的术语

如‘at home’, ‘abroad’, ‘here’, ‘our country’ ,因为读者很可能不是中国人,也不在中国。相反,写‘in China’。

(11)避免过度使用 ‘that is to say’ and ‘namely’这两个短语。相反,试着用一句话来表达你的意思。

(12)不要在书面句子末尾使用“too”,尤其是在技术论文中。

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Shifts in China’s Rural and Urban Population: 2000-2020 The bar chart clearly reveals that from 2000 to 2020, while the total population in China increased moderately from 1.25 billion to 1.41 billion, population in urban and rural areas experienced dramatic shifts in different directions. Urban population rose from 450 million in 2000 to 670 million in 2010 and 900 million in 2020; contrastingly, rural population declined from 800 million in 2000 to 680 million in 2010 and 510 million in 2020. The population gap narrowed largely because of the joint effects of urbanization, unequal economic opportunities in rural and urban areas, and the expansion of higher education. In the first place, there was a large-scale urban sprawl during this period. Places which had been part of the vast countryside were incorporated into cities, causing hundreds of millions of rural dwellers to be passively transformed into urban residents. What’s more, while urban living standards improved greatly in these years, few economic opportunities fell on rural areas and most peasant families remained at the poverty line. Poverty prompted the call for change, leading a large quantity of healthy young peasants to leave their hometowns and flock to cities for a better living. Last but not least, China’s higher education grew at an unprecedented rate in these years. More high school graduates than ever before entered colleges and universities, most of whom preferred to stay in urban areas after graduation for personal development. The increase in urban population was a sure indication of economic and educational achievements in China. It benefited the country in many aspects, relieving the shortage of labor force in cities, lessening the burden of peasants to support their families, and affording young people from rural areas more opportunities to display their talents. However, the migration of rural residents into urban areas inevitably brought about disadvantages. Some of them, such as waste of arable land and left-behind children in the countryside, as well as traffic congestion and soaring housing prices in cities, have already called the attention of the government and corresponding measures have begun to take effect. But others, especially the inability of many peasants to integrate into urban life due to their lack of education and civilized habits, have long been neglected. In this sense, we cannot be satisfied with the superficially optimistic figures in the chart, but should endeavor to foster the integration of these newcomers by providing them with adequate assistance in educational and cultural aspects, so that they can find easier access to the prosperity and convenience of urban life and be more fully devoted to the development of cities.翻译成英文版两百单词左右的文章
02-21

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