The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written by Graduate Chinese Students

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本文总结了中国学生写作英文科技论文时常见的表达错误。(一些本文内没有提到的特定用法、搭配等也会不定期更新。)

定冠词/不定冠词的使用 a an the

一般来说,关于冠词的错误有三类:

  1. 需要时省略(这个情况是非常多的)。
  2. 在不需要的地方使用。
  3. 用错。
    比如:
    在这里插入图片描述

回忆一下初中时学过的语法,the在下述情况下需要添加:

  1. 表示特指,说话人双方都知道的事物。
  2. 表示独一无二的事物,原理和第一条差不多,比如the sun,the moon。
  3. 用于单数名词之前表示类别,比如,the phone,表示所有电话。
  4. 用于形容词之前表示类别,比如,the old。
  5. 用于序数词或者最高级之前,the first,the best,通常可以省略。
  6. 用于表示乐器,the piano。
  7. 用于姓氏的复数前,表示XXX一家子。比如,The Greens。
  8. 表示年代,比如,the fifties。
  9. 用于江河湖海之前,the Yellow River。
  10. 由普通名词构成的专有名词,比如the Tree Street。 而在NLP中,一些专有名词,比如BERT,CNN似乎都可以不加the。
    本文也给出了相应的冠词选择流程:
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句子不要太长

在英语中,主要观点和论点通常是在单独的句子中写的。可以通过将每句话的主题限制在一两个来避免长句子。一般来说,超过60单词的句子便是长句子了。另一个经常见到的超长问题是作者想要给出大量的数据,通常是参数值,并将这些信息放入一个长段落大小的句子中。这种情况下,最好使用一个列表代替:
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在段落开始直接陈述中心思想

中国作者常以目的、理由、例子和条件作为引言,为主要话题作铺垫。然而,这就降低了中心思想的重要性。把中心思想放在句子的开头可以使章节的逻辑更加清晰。比如:
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当然,在人工智能领域的相应写作似乎并没有那么严格,只需要在章节的开头点名主题即可。比如,在描述Related work时最好给出总结:In this section, we summarize some relevant work, including language models, …, and … 而不是一开始就直接进入 subsection描述language model。
而且,期刊与会议的要求不尽相同,期刊的要求更为严格,需要给出很清晰的总结性描述,而会议多数情况都要求篇幅,因此一些不必要的总结往往被省略。

不要在段落开头直接使用时间状语从句

这个很好理解,给出一个例子即可:
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将重要的主语放在最最开始以表示强调

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which/that所引导的定语从句的指代不明

which所指的先行词(名词或代词)不明确,导致混淆。
对于限定性定语从句:A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 需要额外注意which引领的时态,尤其是一般现在时的第三人称单数的问题。对于非限定性定语从句,which往往指代前一个句子:Internet is so interesting,which makes all possible happen。
常见的就是这两种了。对于时间状语从句的代替暂且不表。

Respectively的使用

通常在句末,为了强调几个相对应的表达的顺序。比如下述例子,表示两个list的一一对应:
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位置错误:
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有关in this paper/study

in this paper/study经常出现过度使用的现象,一般来说,只有两个地方用得到:

  1. 在引言和结论部分强调论文的内容。
  2. 在论文的正文部分,引用了作者在其他期刊文章的工作。

还有一种较为微妙的错误,就是in this paper以及in this study的混淆(这个我之前都没注意到过…)。study是作者所做的工作,paper是作品呈现的方式,也是读者所持有/阅读的内容,作者也可以使用其他短语,如“in this research”和“this paper present”。但是,阐述具体的研究内容需要使用 in this study:
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数字

使用阿拉伯数字本身并不是一个错误,但是不应该用在句子的开头:
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此外,阿拉伯数字不要被过度使用。比如,不应使用阿拉伯数字提供一般信息,但是可以提供数据阐述:
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‘Figure’ and ‘Table’

这个举一个例子即可:
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不过对于latex的用户来说,很少会出现这种错误。

‘such as’ and ‘etc.’

这俩都表示’等等’,因此一起使用是错误的。它们表示将给出一个不完整的列表,不应该在给出完整列表时使用。
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其他惯用法:单复数、固定搭配等

有些单词有相同的单数和复数形式,不需要加s就可以变成复数。另外,注意一些不规则的复数的变化,比如index–indices。
另外,举了一些不合理的固定搭配:
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不要使用by this way这种说法,使用by doing thisusing this method代替。
不要以’How to…'作为句子的开始(话说这种表达我在好多会议论文里都见过):
在这里插入图片描述
the results are shown in Figure 2而不是the results are showed as
Figure 2
。注意shown才是被动语态中该使用的过去分词。
永远不要写Obviously!好多新手都会犯这样的错误(包括我),一定要使用客观的语言去描述,不要带有感情、程度倾向的词。
不要过度使用that is to say这种一个意思多次表达的形式,除非是非常必要的解释。
永远不要在文章中出现too,这是口头的表达方式,用also

个人在头论文过程中遇到的一些副词的使用

SpecificallySpecially。这两个都表示“明确地;具体地;特意;专门地;具体来说;确切地说”的含义,但是后者比较不正式,因此审稿人会建议使用前者。
ThusSo
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也就是说,表示强烈因果关系的论文写作上下文中,还是使用Thus来得专业。

一些提升逼格的词组

is due to以及is attributed to。这个似乎比较抽象,后者看起来逼格更高一些,但是实际上这俩是都对的。比如审稿人对这句话
The improvement of LP-MTC compared with Bert-MLM is due to the use of label templates, which increases the input token length
给出了如下的修改建议:
is due to the use of --> is attributed to the use of (avoid repeating ‘due to’ in consecutive sentences).

总结

牢记上述要点,结合一些翻译、语法纠错软件,专业的英文润色并不是必须的。

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Shifts in China’s Rural and Urban Population: 2000-2020 The bar chart clearly reveals that from 2000 to 2020, while the total population in China increased moderately from 1.25 billion to 1.41 billion, population in urban and rural areas experienced dramatic shifts in different directions. Urban population rose from 450 million in 2000 to 670 million in 2010 and 900 million in 2020; contrastingly, rural population declined from 800 million in 2000 to 680 million in 2010 and 510 million in 2020. The population gap narrowed largely because of the joint effects of urbanization, unequal economic opportunities in rural and urban areas, and the expansion of higher education. In the first place, there was a large-scale urban sprawl during this period. Places which had been part of the vast countryside were incorporated into cities, causing hundreds of millions of rural dwellers to be passively transformed into urban residents. What’s more, while urban living standards improved greatly in these years, few economic opportunities fell on rural areas and most peasant families remained at the poverty line. Poverty prompted the call for change, leading a large quantity of healthy young peasants to leave their hometowns and flock to cities for a better living. Last but not least, China’s higher education grew at an unprecedented rate in these years. More high school graduates than ever before entered colleges and universities, most of whom preferred to stay in urban areas after graduation for personal development. The increase in urban population was a sure indication of economic and educational achievements in China. It benefited the country in many aspects, relieving the shortage of labor force in cities, lessening the burden of peasants to support their families, and affording young people from rural areas more opportunities to display their talents. However, the migration of rural residents into urban areas inevitably brought about disadvantages. Some of them, such as waste of arable land and left-behind children in the countryside, as well as traffic congestion and soaring housing prices in cities, have already called the attention of the government and corresponding measures have begun to take effect. But others, especially the inability of many peasants to integrate into urban life due to their lack of education and civilized habits, have long been neglected. In this sense, we cannot be satisfied with the superficially optimistic figures in the chart, but should endeavor to foster the integration of these newcomers by providing them with adequate assistance in educational and cultural aspects, so that they can find easier access to the prosperity and convenience of urban life and be more fully devoted to the development of cities.翻译成英文版两百单词左右的文章
02-21
The bar chart shows that from 2000 to 2020, while China's total population increased slightly from 1.25 billion to 1.41 billion, the population in urban and rural areas changed significantly. The urban population increased from 450 million in 2000 to 670 million in 2010 and 900 million in 2020, while the rural population decreased from 800 million in 2000 to 680 million in 2010 and 510 million in 2020.The population shift was largely caused by urbanization, unequal economic opportunities in urban and rural areas, and the expansion of higher education. Urban sprawl led to millions of people from rural areas becoming urban residents. In addition, living standards in cities improved at a faster rate than in rural areas, leading many people to migrate in search of better economic opportunities. Finally, the number of people entering universities and colleges increased dramatically, and most of them chose to stay in the cities after graduating.The increase in urban population was a sign of economic and educational progress in China, with multiple benefits such as an increased labor force in cities, less burden on rural families, and greater opportunities for young people from rural areas. However, it also brought some negative consequences, such as the loss of arable land, the abandonment of children in rural areas, traffic jams and skyrocketing housing prices. The government has taken action to address these issues, but the lack of education and poor living habits of many people from rural areas has often been overlooked.Therefore, we cannot be satisfied with the optimistic figures in the chart, but must work to ensure that those who migrate from rural to urban areas are properly integrated into city life. This can be achieved through providing educational and cultural assistance, so that they can take advantage of the convenience and prosperity of urban life and contribute to the development of cities.

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