R语言入门（27）_循环函数（loop function）

• lapply() : Loop over a list and evaluate a function on each element

• sapply() : Same as lapply but try to simplify the result

• apply() : Apply a function over the margins of an array

• tapply() : Apply a function over subsets of a vector

• mapply() : Multivariate version of lapply

lappy 

1. it loops over a list, iterating over each element in that list

2. it applies a function to each element of the list (a function that you specify)

3. and returns a list (the l is for “list”)

three arguments:

(1) a list X ;

(2) a function (or the name of a function) FUN ;

(3) other arguments via its ... argument. If X is not a list, it will be coerced to a list using as.list()

When you pass a function to lapply() , lapply() takes elements of the list and passes them as the first argument of the function you are applying.

> x <- list(a = 1:5, b = rnorm(10))
> lapply(x, mean)
$a
[1] 3 

$b
[1] 0.1322028

Functions that you pass to lapply() may have other arguments.