机器学习Python学习——朴素贝叶斯

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最新推荐文章于 2024-10-07 08:53:40 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_52868215/article/details/121760074

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朴素贝叶斯文本分类贝叶斯定理垃圾邮件过滤特征独立

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1. 基本概念

朴素贝叶斯法是基于贝叶斯定理与特征条件独立假设的分类方法。统计机器学习的策略通常是期望风险最小化，实际学习过程中以经验风险近似期望风险(或加上正则化项)。在朴素贝叶斯方法中，期望风险最小化等价于后验概率最大化。

2. 算法原理

朴素贝叶斯分类器(Naïve Bayes Classifier)采用了“属性条件独立性假设” ，即每个属性独立地对分类结果发生影响。为方便公式标记，不妨记P(C=c|X=x)为P(c|x)，基于属性条件独立性假设，贝叶斯公式可重写为：

– 其中d为属性数目，xi为 x 在第i个属性上的取值。

朴素贝叶斯分类器的训练器的训练过程就是基于训练集D估计类先验概率P(c)，并为每个属性估计条件概率P(xi丨c) 。

2.1 算法示例

下面用一个实例来说明贝叶斯分类器的计算过程：

第一步：统计各个事件发生的次数。

第二步：计算先验概率和条件概率。

第三步：判别样例。

3. 代码实现

下面给出用贝叶斯分类器实现垃圾邮件分类的代码。

'''
Created on Oct 19, 2010

@author: Peter
'''
from numpy import *

def loadDataSet():
    postingList=[['my', 'dog', 'has', 'flea', 'problems', 'help', 'please'],
                 ['maybe', 'not', 'take', 'him', 'to', 'dog', 'park', 'stupid'],
                 ['my', 'dalmation', 'is', 'so', 'cute', 'I', 'love', 'him'],
                 ['stop', 'posting', 'stupid', 'worthless', 'garbage'],
                 ['mr', 'licks', 'ate', 'my', 'steak', 'how', 'to', 'stop', 'him'],
                 ['quit', 'buying', 'worthless', 'dog', 'food', 'stupid']]
    classVec = [0,1,0,1,0,1]    #1 is abusive, 0 not
    return postingList,classVec
                 
def createVocabList(dataSet):
    vocabSet = set([])  #create empty set
    for document in dataSet:
        vocabSet = vocabSet | set(document) #union of the two sets
    return list(vocabSet)

def setOfWords2Vec(vocabList, inputSet):
    returnVec = [0]*len(vocabList)
    for word in inputSet:
        if word in vocabList:
            returnVec[vocabList.index(word)] = 1
        else: print ("the word: %s is not in my Vocabulary!" % word)
    return returnVec

def trainNB0(trainMatrix,trainCategory):
    numTrainDocs = len(trainMatrix)
    numWords = len(trainMatrix[0])
    pAbusive = sum(trainCategory)/float(numTrainDocs)
    p0Num = ones(numWords); p1Num = ones(numWords)      #change to ones() 
    p0Denom = 2.0; p1Denom = 2.0                        #change to 2.0
    for i in range(numTrainDocs):
        if trainCategory[i] == 1:
            p1Num += trainMatrix[i]
            p1Denom += sum(trainMatrix[i])
        else:
            p0Num += trainMatrix[i]
            p0Denom += sum(trainMatrix[i])
    p1Vect = log(p1Num/p1Denom)          #change to log()
    p0Vect = log(p0Num/p0Denom)          #change to log()
    return p0Vect,p1Vect,pAbusive

def classifyNB(vec2Classify, p0Vec, p1Vec, pClass1):
    p1 = sum(vec2Classify * p1Vec) + log(pClass1)    #element-wise mult
    p0 = sum(vec2Classify * p0Vec) + log(1.0 - pClass1)
    if p1 > p0:
        return 1
    else: 
        return 0
    
def bagOfWords2VecMN(vocabList, inputSet):
    returnVec = [0]*len(vocabList)
    for word in inputSet:
        if word in vocabList:
            returnVec[vocabList.index(word)] += 1
    return returnVec

def testingNB():
    listOPosts,listClasses = loadDataSet()
    myVocabList = createVocabList(listOPosts)
    trainMat=[]
    for postinDoc in listOPosts:
        trainMat.append(setOfWords2Vec(myVocabList, postinDoc))
    p0V,p1V,pAb = trainNB0(array(trainMat),array(listClasses))
    testEntry = ['love', 'my', 'dalmation']
    thisDoc = array(setOfWords2Vec(myVocabList, testEntry))
    print (testEntry,'classified as: ',classifyNB(thisDoc,p0V,p1V,pAb))
    testEntry = ['stupid', 'garbage']
    thisDoc = array(setOfWords2Vec(myVocabList, testEntry))
    print (testEntry,'classified as: ',classifyNB(thisDoc,p0V,p1V,pAb))

def textParse(bigString):    #input is big string, #output is word list
    import re
    listOfTokens = re.split(r'\W*', bigString)
    return [tok.lower() for tok in listOfTokens if len(tok) > 2] 
    
def spamTest():
    docList=[]; classList = []; fullText =[]
    for i in range(1,26):
        wordList = textParse(open('email/spam/%d.txt' % i).read())
        docList.append(wordList)
        fullText.extend(wordList)
        classList.append(1)
        wordList = textParse(open('email/ham/%d.txt' % i).read())
        docList.append(wordList)
        fullText.extend(wordList)
        classList.append(0)
    vocabList = createVocabList(docList)#create vocabulary
    trainingSet = range(50); testSet=[]           #create test set
    for i in range(10):
        randIndex = int(random.uniform(0,len(trainingSet)))
        testSet.append(trainingSet[randIndex])
        del(trainingSet[randIndex])  
    trainMat=[]; trainClasses = []
    for docIndex in trainingSet:#train the classifier (get probs) trainNB0
        trainMat.append(bagOfWords2VecMN(vocabList, docList[docIndex]))
        trainClasses.append(classList[docIndex])
    p0V,p1V,pSpam = trainNB0(array(trainMat),array(trainClasses))
    errorCount = 0
    for docIndex in testSet:        #classify the remaining items
        wordVector = bagOfWords2VecMN(vocabList, docList[docIndex])
        if classifyNB(array(wordVector),p0V,p1V,pSpam) != classList[docIndex]:
            errorCount += 1
            print ("classification error",docList[docIndex])
    print ('the error rate is: ',float(errorCount)/len(testSet))
    #return vocabList,fullText

def calcMostFreq(vocabList,fullText):
    import operator
    freqDict = {}
    for token in vocabList:
        freqDict[token]=fullText.count(token)
    sortedFreq = sorted(freqDict.iteritems(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True) 
    return sortedFreq[:30]       

def localWords(feed1,feed0):
    import feedparser
    docList=[]; classList = []; fullText =[]
    minLen = min(len(feed1['entries']),len(feed0['entries']))
    for i in range(minLen):
        wordList = textParse(feed1['entries'][i]['summary'])
        docList.append(wordList)
        fullText.extend(wordList)
        classList.append(1) #NY is class 1
        wordList = textParse(feed0['entries'][i]['summary'])
        docList.append(wordList)
        fullText.extend(wordList)
        classList.append(0)
    vocabList = createVocabList(docList)#create vocabulary
    top30Words = calcMostFreq(vocabList,fullText)   #remove top 30 words
    for pairW in top30Words:
        if pairW[0] in vocabList: vocabList.remove(pairW[0])
    trainingSet = range(2*minLen); testSet=[]           #create test set
    for i in range(20):
        randIndex = int(random.uniform(0,len(trainingSet)))
        testSet.append(trainingSet[randIndex])
        del(trainingSet[randIndex])  
    trainMat=[]; trainClasses = []
    for docIndex in trainingSet:#train the classifier (get probs) trainNB0
        trainMat.append(bagOfWords2VecMN(vocabList, docList[docIndex]))
        trainClasses.append(classList[docIndex])
    p0V,p1V,pSpam = trainNB0(array(trainMat),array(trainClasses))
    errorCount = 0
    for docIndex in testSet:        #classify the remaining items
        wordVector = bagOfWords2VecMN(vocabList, docList[docIndex])
        if classifyNB(array(wordVector),p0V,p1V,pSpam) != classList[docIndex]:
            errorCount += 1
    print ('the error rate is: ',float(errorCount)/len(testSet))
    return vocabList,p0V,p1V

def getTopWords(ny,sf):
    import operator
    vocabList,p0V,p1V=localWords(ny,sf)
    topNY=[]; topSF=[]
    for i in range(len(p0V)):
        if p0V[i] > -6.0 : topSF.append((vocabList[i],p0V[i]))
        if p1V[i] > -6.0 : topNY.append((vocabList[i],p1V[i]))
    sortedSF = sorted(topSF, key=lambda pair: pair[1], reverse=True)
    print ("SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**SF**")
    for item in sortedSF:
        print (item[0])
    sortedNY = sorted(topNY, key=lambda pair: pair[1], reverse=True)
    print ("NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**NY**")
    for item in sortedNY:
        print (item[0])

最后运行结果的错误率为