第T7周:咖啡豆识别

>- **🍨 本文为[🔗365天深度学习训练营](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/0dvHCaOoFnW8SCp3JpzKxg) 中的学习记录博客**
>- **🍖 原作者:[K同学啊](https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/)**

>- **🍨 本文为[🔗(365天深度学习训练营) 中的学习记录博客**
>- **🍖 原作者:【K同学啊·

一、前期工作

1. 设置GPU

import tensorflow as tf

gpus = tf.config.list_physical_devices("GPU")

if gpus:
    tf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpus[0], True)  #设置GPU显存用量按需使用
    tf.config.set_visible_devices([gpus[0]],"GPU")

2. 导入数据(导入本地数据集)

from tensorflow       import keras
from tensorflow.keras import layers,models
import numpy             as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os,PIL,pathlib

data_dir = "./49-data/"
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)
image_count = len(list(data_dir.glob('*/*.png')))

print("图片总数为:",image_count)

 

3. 查看数据

二、数据预处理

1. 加载数据

使用image_dataset_from_directory方法将磁盘中的数据加载到tf.data.Dataset

batch_size = 32
img_height = 224
img_width = 224
"""
关于image_dataset_from_directory()的详细介绍可以参考文章:https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/article/details/117018789
"""
train_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
    data_dir,
    validation_split=0.2,
    subset="training",
    seed=123,
    image_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=batch_size)

"""
关于image_dataset_from_directory()的详细介绍可以参考文章:https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/article/details/117018789
"""
val_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
    data_dir,
    validation_split=0.2,
    subset="validation",
    seed=123,
    image_size=(img_height, img_width),
    batch_size=batch_size)

 我们可以通过class_names输出数据集的标签。标签将按字母顺序对应于目录名称。

class_names = train_ds.class_names
print(class_names)

 

2. 可视化数据 

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 4))  # 图形的宽为10高为5

for images, labels in train_ds.take(1):
    for i in range(10):
        
        ax = plt.subplot(2, 5, i + 1)  

        plt.imshow(images[i].numpy().astype("uint8"))
        plt.title(class_names[labels[i]])
        
        plt.axis("off")
for image_batch, labels_batch in train_ds:
    print(image_batch.shape)
    print(labels_batch.shape)
    break 

3. 再次检查数据

4. 配置数据集

  • prefetch() :预取数据,加速运行,其详细介绍可以参考我前两篇文章,里面都有讲解。
  • cache() :将数据集缓存到内存当中,加速运行
  • AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE
    
    train_ds = train_ds.cache().shuffle(1000).prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
    val_ds   = val_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
    normalization_layer = layers.experimental.preprocessing.Rescaling(1./255)
    
    train_ds = train_ds.map(lambda x, y: (normalization_layer(x), y))
    val_ds   = val_ds.map(lambda x, y: (normalization_layer(x), y))
    
    image_batch, labels_batch = next(iter(val_ds))
    first_image = image_batch[0]
    
    # 查看归一化后的数据
    print(np.min(first_image), np.max(first_image))

三、构建CNN网络

VGG优缺点分析:

  • VGG优点

VGG的结构非常简洁,整个网络都使用了同样大小的卷积核尺寸(3x3)和最大池化尺寸(2x2)

  • VGG缺点

1)训练时间过长,调参难度大。2)需要的存储容量大,不利于部署。例如存储VGG-16权重值文件的大小为500多MB,不利于安装到嵌入式系统中。

1. 官方模型

官网模型调用这块我放到后面几篇文章中,下面主要讲一下VGG-16

# model = tf.keras.applications.VGG16(weights='imagenet')
# model.summary()

2. 自建模型

from tensorflow.keras import layers, models, Input
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Dense, Flatten, Dropout

def VGG16(nb_classes, input_shape):
    input_tensor = Input(shape=input_shape)
    # 1st block
    x = Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block1_conv1')(input_tensor)
    x = Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block1_conv2')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block1_pool')(x)
    # 2nd block
    x = Conv2D(128, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block2_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(128, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block2_conv2')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block2_pool')(x)
    # 3rd block
    x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv2')(x)
    x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv3')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block3_pool')(x)
    # 4th block
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv2')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv3')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block4_pool')(x)
    # 5th block
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv1')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv2')(x)
    x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv3')(x)
    x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block5_pool')(x)
    # full connection
    x = Flatten()(x)
    x = Dense(4096, activation='relu',  name='fc1')(x)
    x = Dense(4096, activation='relu', name='fc2')(x)
    output_tensor = Dense(nb_classes, activation='softmax', name='predictions')(x)

    model = Model(input_tensor, output_tensor)
    return model

model=VGG16(len(class_names), (img_width, img_height, 3))
model.summary()

3. 网络结构图

关于卷积的相关知识可以参考文章:卷积的计算_卷积核2x2-CSDN博客

结构说明:

  • 13个卷积层(Convolutional Layer),分别用blockX_convX表示
  • 3个全连接层(Fully connected Layer),分别用fcXpredictions表示
  • 5个池化层(Pool layer),分别用blockX_pool表示

VGG-16包含了16个隐藏层(13个卷积层和3个全连接层),故称为VGG-16 

四、编译

在准备对模型进行训练之前,还需要再对其进行一些设置。以下内容是在模型的编译步骤中添加的:

  • 损失函数(loss):用于衡量模型在训练期间的准确率。
  • 优化器(optimizer):决定模型如何根据其看到的数据和自身的损失函数进行更新。
  • 指标(metrics):用于监控训练和测试步骤。以下示例使用了准确率,即被正确分类的图像的比率

# 设置初始学习率
initial_learning_rate = 1e-4

lr_schedule = tf.keras.optimizers.schedules.ExponentialDecay(
        initial_learning_rate, 
        decay_steps=30,      # 敲黑板!!!这里是指 steps,不是指epochs
        decay_rate=0.92,     # lr经过一次衰减就会变成 decay_rate*lr
        staircase=True)

# 设置优化器
opt = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=initial_learning_rate)

model.compile(optimizer=opt,
              loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
              metrics=['accuracy'])

五、训练模型

epochs = 20

history = model.fit(
    train_ds,
    validation_data=val_ds,
    epochs=epochs
)

六、模型评估

acc = history.history['accuracy']
val_acc = history.history['val_accuracy']

loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']

epochs_range = range(epochs)

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(epochs_range, acc, label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs_range, val_acc, label='Validation Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(epochs_range, loss, label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(epochs_range, val_loss, label='Validation Loss')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
plt.show()

七、总结、

本次选用了官网模型和自建模型,官网模型是预训练过的,指定加载ImageNet上的预训练权重,结果查看,预训练的更加稳定一些。

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