Haskell趣学指南-学习笔记-Applicative functors

Applicative functors

import Control.Applicative

typeclass 定义如下：

class (Functor f ) => Applicative f where

    pure :: a -> f a

    (<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

 Applicative状态下Maybe的instance：

instance Applicative Maybe where

    pure = Just

    Nothing <*> _ = Nothing

    (Just f) <*> something = fmap f something

Applicative状态下[ ]（列表）的instance：

instance Applicative [] where

    pure x = [x]

    fs <*> xs = [f x | f <- fs, x <- xs]

Applicative状态下IO的instance：

instance Applicative IO where

    pure = return

    a <*> b = do

        f <- a

        x <- b

        return (f x)

Applicative状态下ZipList的instance：

instance Applicative ZipList where

    pure x = ZipList (repeat x)

    ZipList fs <*> ZipList xs = ZipList (zipWith (\f x -> f x) fs xs)

 注意：<*>的第一个参数必须带Just，而<$>的第一个参数只需要是一个函数

(<*>) :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

(Just f) <*> something = fmap f something

(<$>) :: (Functor f) => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b

f <$> x = fmap f x

如何直接调用Applicative状态下的类型？如下：（通过类型标注）

ghci > pure "Hey" :: [String]

[ "Hey" ]

ghci > pure "Hey" :: Maybe String

Just "Hey"

ghci> pure "Hey" :: IO String
"Hey"