时态二--（专升本语法）

四.进行态

进行态
(be + doing )
1.定义:表示说话瞬间正在发生或进行的动作。
2.分类:
现在进行时-现在此刻正在进行的动作
过去进行时--过去的某个时刻正在进行的动作
将来进行时一将来某个时刻正在进行的动作
3.时间状语:
①现在进行时now, at present（目前）, at the moment（此刻）, for the time being（目前）
②过去进行时at this/that time yesterday, at this/that moment yesterday, at
7:00 yesterday
3.将来进行时at this/that time/moment tomorrow, at 7:00 tomorrow

①现在进行时:主+am/is/are+ 动词ing+其他
We are learning English now.
②过去进行时:主+was/were+ 动词ing+其他
We were learning English at this time yesterday.
3.将来进行时:主语+will be +动词ing +其他

注: V-ing的变化规则

1.一般情况下，在动词原形后直接加ing
work--working
do--doing
play--playing
2.以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e,再加ing
dance--dancing
move--moving
3.以“辅+元+辅”结尾的动词，双写尾字母再加ing
get--getting
run--running
swim--Swmming
4.以ie 结尾的动词，变ie为y再加ing
lie--lying
die-- dying 
注意：lie--lied--lied--lying撒谎

          lie--lay--lain--lying躺（规则撒谎不规则躺）

          lay--laid--laid--laying放置，下蛋

考点:

考点一:短暂性动词(come, go, leave, finish, die)用进行态表将来
eg. He is dying.
We are leaving tomorrow.
考点二:感官系动词(look, smell, taste, sound, feel)和表情感类的词
(love, hate, like) 无进行态(无be doing形式)
eg. The song is sounding good (x)
The song sounds good.
考点三:当句子以look/listen开头时，用现在进行时
eg. Look! The girl is dancing.
Listen! The baby is crying.
考点四:表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作，常与always等连用，以表示
赞扬，不满或讨厌等感情色彩。
eg. He is always helping others. (赞扬)
They are always sleeping during class.(批评)
注: be always doing sth 总是.
考点五:
由when/ while/ as引导的发生在过去的时间状语从句时，长动作中伴随短动作，长动作用过去进行时(was/were doing)，短动作用一般过去时(动词过去式)
She was watching TV when a thief broke into he house.
When I _was watching_(watch) TV, he came in.
练习: The truth,sir, is that the old man _c__across the street when my car hit him.
A. will walk
B.walked
C. was walking
D. are walking

完成态

通式: have done
含义:截止到某一时刻已经完成的动作。
1.现在完成时: have /has done
2.过去完成时: had done
3.将来完成时: will have done 

现在完成时
I have cut my hair.
She has bought;
a new car.
They have cleaned the room.
The girl has danced for 2 hours.

五现在完成时

1.定义:表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,
表示从过去持续到现在的状态。

It's so dark? Someone has turned off the light.
I have learned English since I was five years old.

2.谓语动词形式:
主语+have/ has done (动词的过去分词)+其他
注:此处have, has为助动词，帮助构成现完，无意义

3.时间状语:
already已经，ever曾经，never从不，yet还， 尚未(用于否定句或者疑问句中)
by now=so far=until/till now=up to now到月前为止
in/over/during the pastlast时间段 在过去的..里
for+时间段表示动作持续了...
since+过去时间/一般过去时句子.自从

4.否定式和疑问式
否定:主语干have/has + not done
疑问: Have/Has+主语+done+其他?

5.考点:
①have/has been to去过某地(去者已归)
have/has gone to去了某地(去者未归)
例: He has been to bejjing.
He has gone to Beijing.
②当句中有onee一次、twice两次three times等表示次数的词
出现时，用现在完成时。
例: I have been to Bejjing three times.

③This/It is the + adj.最高级+n. +that +现在完成时句子
......的
④Thjs[It is the +序数词+time+that +现在完成时包子
这是...第几次...
这是我看过的最好的电影
This / It is the best movie that I have ever seen.
5.现在完成时的时间状语若是since +过去时间或for+时间段，则谓语
动词不能是短动作，但是短动作的动词可由be+adj/be+adv替代
注意：（1）在完成时中，一个瞬间性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，此时
须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。（since+过去时间 or  for+时间段）

（2）现在完成时的时间状语若是since +过去时间或for+时间段，则谓语
动词不能是短动作，但是短动作的动词可由be+adj/be +adv替代
补充： 瞬间性动词         持续性动词

                finish                 be over

                start                  be on

                join                   be in

                leave                be away form

                fall sleep          be sleep

六.现在完成进行时

1.定义:表示动作或状态从过去持续到现在并且继续持续下去。
2.时间状语:与现在完成时相同。
3.谓语动词构成: have/has been doing
eg: He is ill. He has been lying bed for three weeks.
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.s
She has been reciting the words all the moring.
*看到现在完成时的时间状语，有现在完成就选现在完成时，没
有现在完成，就选现在完成进行时
 

七.过去完成时

1.定义:表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或状态
2.谓语动词构成: 
主语+had done +其他(此处had 为助动词,无意义) 
3..时间状语:
bytill/until+过去时间
到..时/为止
by the end of+过去时间
截止到..末
by the time +一般过去时句子
到..时
before+过去时间/一般过去时句子
在...之前
5.考点:当句中无明显时间状语，有两个动作均发生在过去，且动
作有先后，先发生的动作用过去完成时(had done) ,后发生的动作
用一般过去时(动词过去式)。
When we woke up, everything had changed.

八.将来完成时

1.定义:在将来的某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。
2.谓语动词构成:
主语+will/shall have done +其他
I will have been here for two years next month.
By the end of next term, you will have finished the book.
3.时间状语:
bylill/until+将来时间
到...时/为止
by the end of+将来时间
截止到...末
by the time +-一般现在时句子
到..时
before+将来时间/一般现在时句子
在...之前
4.否定或疑问
否定:主语+ will/shall not have done+其他
疑问: Will/Shall +主语+ have done+其他?
 

注：

       by+过去时间 ==过去完成时

       by+现在时间==现在完成时

       by+将来时间==将来完成时

       by+一般现在时句子==将来完成时

九、过去将来

1.定义:站在过去看将来(专升本考试中常在完形;填空、阅读理解中出现，常来转述别人的话)
2.时间状语: the next day/week/ month/year
3,谓语构成:
①主语+would/should do+其他
②主语+was/were going to do+其他
She said she would marry a rich man the next year.
 

被动语态(be done)

把“把”字句改为“被”字句
我把鸡蛋吃了
I ate the egg.
鸡蛋被我吃了
The egg was eaten by me

被动的基本形式: be+done( 动词的过去分词)
被动句的构成:
主+be(随人称:时态变化)+done+(by+人称代词宾格/名词)
be的形式:
做题思路:先考虑语态，再考虑时态
 

一、不同时态的主被动(谓 语部分)


Many people speak English.C二.: e-
English is spoken by many people.
He opened the door.
The door was opened.
Li Ming will be asked to attend the lecture.

进行

 

 A newrailway is being built.
The roads were being widened.路那时正在加宽

完成

 He has been senf to work in Shanghai.
A new hotel had been built when I got there.

三.情态动词的被动语态

 e.g
(l)He must hand in his homework.
His homework must be handed in (by him).
(2)He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.

四、无被动的情况
1.系动词无被动
系动词(感官动词)没有被动语态和进行时

e.g.The fish tastes good.
The scarf is felt soft.(x )-The scarf feels soft.(V)

2.不及物动词和不及物动词词组无被动
(1) happen
①vi.发生(具体偶然事件发生)
e.g. A traffic accident happened last night.
②vi,碰巧
happen todo sth. 碰巧做某事
happen to be done. 碰巧被....
He
by his sister at that time.
A.happened to see B.was happened to see
C.happened to be seen D.was happened to be seen

(2)
oCcur
vi.发生(抽象的发生)
e.g.A good idea occurs to me.
It oceurs/occurred to sb.That..某人突然想起
e.g. It occurs to me that i forget to call him.
(3) take place按计划/安排进行/发生，举行
e.g.The party will take place on Sunday night

(4) break 
out(战争、灾难、火山等)爆发
e.g.The second war broke out in 1939.
(5) consist of由..，组成
e.g. The United States consists of 50 states.
(6)- belong to属于
e.g.This book belongs to me.
(7) appear 出现
(8) disappear 消失
e.g.The sun appears on the horizon.
五、主动表被动
1、sth.need/want/require doing /to be done某事需要被...
e.g.The watch needs repairing/to be repaired.
Sb need to do sth.某人需要做...
2、sth. be worth doing某事值得被
e.g.The interesting book is worth reading.