c++学习笔记——复合类型1 数组和字符串

数组

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    int yams[3];
    yams[0] = 7;
    yams[1] = 8;
    yams[2] = 6;

    int yamcosts[3] = {20,50,5};
    cout << "Total yams = ";
    cout << yams[0] + yams[1] +yams[2] << endl;
    cout << "The package with " << yams[1] << "yams costs ";
    cout << yamcosts[1] << "cents per yam.\n";
    int total = yams[0] * yamcosts[0] + yams[1] * yams[1];
    total = total + yams[2] * yamcosts[2];
    cout << "The total yam expense is" << total << "cents.\n";

    cout << "\nsize of yams array = " <<sizeof yams;
    cout << "bytes.\n";
    cout << "size of one element = " << sizeof yams[0];
    cout << "bytes.\n";
    
    return 0;
}

Total yams = 21
The package with 8yams costs 50cents per yam.
The total yam expense is234cents.

size of yams array = 12bytes.
size of one element = 4bytes.

字符串

//在数组中使用字符串
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    const int size = 15;
    char name1[size];//此处定义了一个空字符串
    char name2[size] = "c++owboy";//初始化数组
    
    cout << "Howdy! I'm " << name2;
    cout << "! What's your name?\n";
    cin >> name1;
    cout << "Well, " << name1 << " your name has";
    cout << strlen(name1) <<"letters and is sorted\n";//strlen()计算可见的字符，不把空字符计算在内。
    cout << "in an array of " << sizeof(name1) << " bytes.\n";
    cout << "Your initial is " << name1[0] << ".\n";
    name2[3] = '\0';
    //设置name2数组的第四个元素为空字符(索引号是3)，这可使得字符串在第3个字符后就结束，即使数组中还有其他字符。
    cout << "Here are the first 3 characters of my name: ";
    cout << name2 << endl;

    return 0;
}

Howdy! I'm c++owboy! What's your name?
guo
Well, guo your name has3letters and is sorted
in an array of 15 bytes.
Your initial is g.

字符串输入

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    const int ArSize = 20;
    char name[ArSize];
    char dessert[ArSize];

    cout << "Enter your name.\n";
    cin >> name;
    cout << "Enter your favorite dessert.\n";
    cin >> dessert;
    cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
    cout << " for you, " << name << ".\n";
    return 0;
}

Enter your name.
yang guo
Enter your favorite dessert.
I have some delicious guo for you, yang.

每次读取一行字符串

（改进上面的程序）

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    const int ArSize = 20;
    char name[ArSize];
    char dessert[ArSize];

    cout << "Enter your name:\n";
    cin.getline(name, ArSize);
    cout << "Enter your favorite dessert:\n";
    cin.getline(dessert,ArSize);
    cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
    cout << " for you, " << name << ".\n";
    return 0;
}

Enter your name:
yang guo
Enter your favorite dessert:
fish
I have some delicious fish for you, yang guo.

面向行的输入：get()

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    const int Arsize = 20;
    char name[Arsize];
    char dessert[Arsize];

    cout << "Enter your name:\n";
    cin.get(name,Arsize).get();//使用get()的方式是将两个类成员拼接起来
    //是由于cin.get(name,Arsize)返回一个cin对象，
    //该对象随后将被用来调用get()函数，其效果与两次调用cin.getline()相同
    cout << "Enter your favorite dessert :\n";
    cin.get(dessert,Arsize).get();
    cout << "I have some delicious " << dessert;
    cout << " for you, " << name << ".\n";

    return 0;
}

Enter your name:
yang guo
Enter your favorite dessert :
fish

混合输入字符串和数字

#include <iostream>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    cout << "What year was your house built?\n";
    int year;
    cin >> year;
    cin.get();//还可以用(cin >> year).get(),也就是表达式cin >> year返回cin对象，将调用拼接起来
    cout << "What is its street address?\n";
    char address[80];
    cin.getline(address,80);
    cout << "Year bulit " << year << endl;
    cout << "Address: " << address << endl;
    cout << "Done!\n";
    return 0;
} 

What year was your house built?
1966
What is its street address?
xian
Year bulit 1966
Address: xian
Done!

string类

简介

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    char charr1[20];//定义了一个字符数组
    char charr2[20] = "jaguar";
    string str1;//定义了一个字符串变量，在c++中也被成为string对象
    string str2 = "panther";

    cout << "Enter a kind of feline: ";
    cin >> charr1;
    cout << "Enter another kind of feline: ";
    cin >> str1;
    cout << "Here are some felines :\n";
    cout << charr1 <<" " << charr2 << " "
        << str1 << " " << str2 
        <<endl;
    cout << "The third letter in " << charr2 << "is "
        << charr2[2] << endl;
    cout << "The third letter in " << str2 << " is "
        << str2[2] << endl;
    return 0;
}

Enter a kind of feline: ocelot
Enter another kind of feline: tiger
Here are some felines :
ocelot jaguar tiger panther
The third letter in jaguaris g
The third letter in panther is n

赋值、拼接和附加

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    string s1 = "penguin";
    string s2 , s3;

    cout << "You can assign one string object to another :s2 = s1\n";
    s2 = s1;
    cout << "s1: " << s1 << ", s2: " << s2 << endl;
    cout << "You can assign a C-style string to a string object.\n";
    cout << "s2 = \"buzzard\"\n";
    s2 = "buzzard";
    cout << "s2:" << s2 << endl;
    cout << "You can concatenate strings: s3 = s1 + s2\n";
    s3 = s1 + s2;
    cout << "s3: " << s3 << endl;
    cout << "You can append string.\n";
    s1 += s2;
    cout << "s1 += s2 yield s1 = " << s1 <<endl;
    s2 += "for a day";
    cout << "s2 += \" for a day \" yield s2 = " << s2 <<endl;

    return 0;
}

You can assign one string object to another :s2 = s1
s1: penguin, s2: penguin
You can assign a C-style string to a string object.
s2 = "buzzard"
s2:buzzard
You can concatenate strings: s3 = s1 + s2
s3: penguinbuzzard
You can append string.
s1 += s2 yield s1 = penguinbuzzard
s2 += " for a day " yield s2 = buzzardfor a day

string类的其他操作

#include <iostream> 
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    char charr1[20];
    char charr2[20] = "jaguar";
    string str1;
    string str2 = "panther";

    str1 = str2;//字符串变量直接可以相互赋值
    strcpy(charr1, charr2);
    //把字符数组charr2赋值给字符数组charr1，函数strcpy()可以将字符串赋值给字符数组
    str1 += "paste";
    strcat(charr1, "juice");//可使用strcat函数将字符串附加到字符数末尾

    int len1 = str1.size();//确定字符串中字符数的方法一：字符串对象.size这个类方法()
    int len2 = strlen(charr1);//使用函数strlen函数
    
    cout << "The string " << str1 << " contains " 
        << len1 << " The characters.\n";
    cout << "The string " << charr1 << " contains "
        << len2 << " characters.\n";
    return 0;
}

The string pantherpaste contains 12 The characters.
The string jaguarjuice contains 11 characters.

string类 I/O

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    char charr[20];
    string str;
    cout << "Length of string in charr before input: "
        << strlen(charr) <<endl;
    cout << "Length of string in str before input:"
        << str.size() <<endl;
    cout << "Enter a line of text:\n";
    cin.getline(charr,20);//cin是iostream类的一个对象，句点表示getline是iostream类的一个方法
    cout << "You entered: " << charr << endl;
    cout << "Enter another line of text:\n";
    getline(cin, str);//此处无句点，说明getline不是某一个类的类方法，它将cin作为参数，指出到哪里去查找输入
    //此处也没有指出长度，这是因为string将根据字符串的长度自动调整自己的大小。
    cout << "You enterd: " << str << endl;
    cout << "Length of string in charr after input: "
        << strlen(charr) << endl;
    cout << "Length of string in str after input: "
        << str.size() << endl;
    return 0;
}

Length of string in charr before input: 3
Length of string in str before input:0

其他形式的字符串字面值

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    wchar_t title[] = L"guo";//定义了一个wchar_t
    char16_t name[] = u"guo";//定义了一个char_16_string
    char32_t car[] = U"guo";//定义了一个char_32_string
    wcout << title <<endl;
    
    return 0;
}