数据介绍
数据⽂件train.csv和test.csv包含从0到9的⼿绘数字的灰度图像。
- 每个图像的⾼度为28个像素,宽度为28个像素,总共为784个像素。
- 每个像素具有与其相关联的单个像素值,指示该像素的亮度或暗度,较⾼的数字意味着较暗。该像素值是0到255之间的 整数,包括0和255。
- 训练数据集(train.csv)有785列。第⼀列称为“标签”,是⽤户绘制的数字。其余列包含关联图像的像素值。
导入模块
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import svm
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
获取数据
train = pd.read_csv("./data/train.csv")
train.head()
label | pixel0 | pixel1 | pixel2 | pixel3 | pixel4 | pixel5 | pixel6 | pixel7 | pixel8 | ... | pixel774 | pixel775 | pixel776 | pixel777 | pixel778 | pixel779 | pixel780 | pixel781 | pixel782 | pixel783 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 rows × 785 columns
train.shape
(42000, 785)
确定特征值\目标值
train_image = train.loc[:, 'pixel0':]
train_image.head()
pixel0 | pixel1 | pixel2 | pixel3 | pixel4 | pixel5 | pixel6 | pixel7 | pixel8 | pixel9 | ... | pixel774 | pixel775 | pixel776 | pixel777 | pixel778 | pixel779 | pixel780 | pixel781 | pixel782 | pixel783 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 rows × 784 columns
train_label = train.loc[:, 'label']
train_label.head()
0 1
1 0
2 1
3 4
4 0
Name: label, dtype: int64
查看具体图像
num = train_image.loc[0,].values.reshape(28, 28) # 取第一个图像
num
array([[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 188, 255, 94, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 191, 250, 253, 93, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 123, 248, 253, 167, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 80, 247, 253, 208, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 29, 207, 253, 235, 77, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 209, 253, 253, 88, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 93, 254, 253, 238, 170, 17, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 23, 210, 254, 253, 159, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 209, 253, 254, 240, 81, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 27, 253, 253, 254, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 206, 254, 254, 198, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 168, 253, 253, 196, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 203, 253, 248, 76, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 22, 188, 253, 245, 93, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 103, 253, 253, 191, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 89, 240, 253, 195, 25, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 220, 253, 253, 80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 94, 253, 253, 253, 94, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 89, 251, 253, 250, 131, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 214, 218, 95, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]])
plt.imshow(num)
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()
def to_plot(n):
num = train_image.loc[n,].values.reshape(28, 28)
plt.imshow(num)
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()
to_plot(n=40)
数据基本处理
train_image.head()
pixel0 | pixel1 | pixel2 | pixel3 | pixel4 | pixel5 | pixel6 | pixel7 | pixel8 | pixel9 | ... | pixel774 | pixel775 | pixel776 | pixel777 | pixel778 | pixel779 | pixel780 | pixel781 | pixel782 | pixel783 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ... | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 rows × 784 columns
数据归一化处理
# 对数据特征值归一化处理
train_image = train_image.values / 255
train_label = train_label.values
数据集分割
x_train, x_val, y_train, y_val = train_test_split(train_image, train_label, train_size = 0.8, random_state=0)
print(x_train.shape, x_val.shape)
(33600, 784) (8400, 784)
特征降维和模型训练
import time
from sklearn.decomposition import PCA
# 多次使用pca,确定最后的最优模型
def n_components_analysis(n, x_train, y_train, x_val, y_val):
# 记录开始时间
start = time.time()
# pca降维实现
pca = PCA(n_components=n)
print("特征降维,传递的参数为:{}".format(n))
pca.fit(x_train)
# 在训练集和测试集进行降维
x_train_pca = pca.transform(x_train)
x_val_pca = pca.transform(x_val)
# 利用svc进行训练
print("开始使用svc进行训练")
ss = svm.SVC()
ss.fit(x_train_pca, y_train)
# 获取accuracy结果
accuracy = ss.score(x_val_pca, y_val)
# 记录结束时间
end = time.time()
print("准确率是:{}, 消耗时间是:{}s".format(accuracy, int(end-start)))
return accuracy
# 传递多个n_components,寻找合理的n_components:
n_s = np.linspace(0.70, 0.85, num=5)
accuracy = []
for n in n_s:
tmp = n_components_analysis(n, x_train, y_train, x_val, y_val)
accuracy.append(tmp)
特征降维,传递的参数为:0.7
开始使用svc进行训练
准确率是:0.9761904761904762, 消耗时间是:8s
特征降维,传递的参数为:0.7374999999999999
开始使用svc进行训练
准确率是:0.9779761904761904, 消耗时间是:8s
特征降维,传递的参数为:0.7749999999999999
开始使用svc进行训练
准确率是:0.9783333333333334, 消耗时间是:10s
特征降维,传递的参数为:0.8125
开始使用svc进行训练
准确率是:0.9798809523809524, 消耗时间是:12s
特征降维,传递的参数为:0.85
开始使用svc进行训练
准确率是:0.9803571428571428, 消耗时间是:14s
# 准确率可视化展示
plt.plot(n_s, np.array(accuracy), "r")
plt.show()
经过图形展示,选择合理的n_components, 最后综合考虑确定结果为:0.80
确定最优模型
pca = PCA(n_components=0.80) # 降维
pca.fit(x_train)
pca.n_components_
43
x_train_pca = pca.transform(x_train)
x_val_pca = pca.transform(x_val)
print(x_train_pca.shape, x_val_pca.shape)
(33600, 43) (8400, 43)
# 训练比较优的模型,计算accuracy
ss1 = svm.SVC()
ss1.fit(x_train_pca, y_train)
ss1.score(x_val_pca, y_val)
0.979047619047619