C++day7（auto关键字、lambda表达式、C++中的数据类型转换、C++标准模板库（STL）、list、文件操作）

一、Xmind整理：

关键词总结：

二、上课笔记整理：

1.auto关键字

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int fun(int a, int b, float *c, char d, double *e,int f)
{
    return 1+2;
}

int main()
{
    //定义一个函数指针，指向fun函数
    int (*p)(int , int , float *, char , double *,int ) = fun;
     
    //用auto来完成
     auto ptr = fun;
     
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

template <typename T>
void fun(T a)
{
    auto b = a;
    cout << "b的数据类型：" << typeid (b).name() << endl;
}

int main()
{
    int a =10;
    fun(a);
    return 0;
}

 2.lambda表达式

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int a = 100;
    double b = 13.45;
    char c = 'x';

    cout << "main-&a:" << &a << "  a = " << a << endl;

//    auto fun = [a,b,c]()mutable{
//    auto fun = [=]()mutable{
      auto fun = [&a,&b](){
      cout << "lambda--&a " << &a << " a = " << a << endl;
      a = 200;
      cout << "lambda--&a " << &a << " a = " << a << endl;

    };

    fun();
    cout << "main-&a:" << &a << "  a = " << a << endl;
    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int a = 100;
    double b = 13.45;
    char c = 'x';

    cout << "main-&a:" << &a << "  a = " << a << endl;
//    auto fun = [a,b,c]()mutable{
//    auto fun = [=]()mutable{
      auto fun = [&a,&b](string name = "hello world")->string{
      cout << "lambda--&a " << &a << " a = " << a << endl;
      a = 200;
      cout << "lambda--&a " << &a << " a = " << a << endl;
      return name;
    };

    cout << fun("hello kitty") << endl;
    cout << "main-&a:" << &a << "  a = " << a << endl;
    return 0;
}

 3.隐式类型转换（自动类型转换）

int num_int = 10;
double num_double = num_int;  // 隐式将int转换为double

4.显示类型转换（强制类型转换）

①静态转换

double num_double = 3.14;
int num_int = static_cast<int>(num_double);  // 显式将double转换为int

②动态转换

class Base {
    virtual void foo() {}
};
class Derived : public Base {};

Base* base_ptr = new Derived;
Derived* derived_ptr = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(base_ptr);  // 显式将基类指针转换为派生类指针

③常量转换

const int a =10; //
int *p;
p = &a; // 合不合法？   no

const int num_const = 5;
int* num_ptr = const_cast<int*>(&num_const);  // 去除const限定符

④重新解释转换

int num = 42;
float* float_ptr = reinterpret_cast<float*>(&num);  // 重新解释转换

5.C风格类型转换

①c样式转换

int num_int = 10;
double num_double = (double)num_int;  // C样式强制类型转换

②函数样式转换（函数式转换）

int num_int = 10;
double num_double = double(num_int);  // C++函数样式类型转换

6.vector的构造函数

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

//算法
void printVector(vector<int> &v)
{
    vector<int>::iterator iter; //定义了这样容器类型的迭代器
    for(iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); iter++)
    {
        cout << *iter << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
    //容器
    vector<int> v; //无参构造函数
    v.push_back(10); //尾插
    v.push_back(20);
    v.push_back(30);
    v.push_back(40);

    //算法
    printVector(v);

    vector<int> v2(v.begin(),v.end());
    printVector(v2);

    vector<int> v3(6,100);
    printVector(v3);

    vector<int> v4 = v3;
    printVector(v4);

    vector<int> v5(v2);
    printVector(v5);

    return 0;
}

7.vector的容量大小

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

//算法
void printVector(vector<int> &v)
{
    vector<int>::iterator iter; //定义了这样容器类型的迭代器
    for(iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); iter++)
    {
        cout << *iter << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
    //容器
    vector<int> v; //无参构造函数
    v.push_back(10); //尾插
    v.push_back(20);
    v.push_back(30);
    v.push_back(40);

    //算法
    printVector(v);

    vector<int> v2(v.begin(),v.end());
    printVector(v2);

    vector<int> v3(6,100);
    printVector(v3);

    vector<int> v4 = v3;
    printVector(v4);

    vector<int> v5(v2);
    printVector(v5);

    vector<int> v6;
    v6 = v5;
    printVector(v6);

    v6.assign(v5.begin(),v5.end());
    printVector(v6);

    v6.assign(8,99);
    printVector(v6);

    if(v6.empty())
    {
        cout << "容器为空" << endl;
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "容器的容量大小：" << v6.capacity() << endl;
        cout << "容器的大小：" << v6.size() << endl;

        v6.resize(15);
        printVector(v6);
    }

    return 0;
}

8.vector的元素提取

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

//算法
void printVector(vector<int> &v)
{
    vector<int>::iterator iter; //定义了这样容器类型的迭代器
    for(iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); iter++)
    {
        cout << *iter << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
    //容器
    vector<int> v; //无参构造函数
    v.push_back(10); //尾插
    v.push_back(20);
    v.push_back(30);
    v.push_back(40);

    //算法
    printVector(v);

//    v.pop_back();//尾删
//    printVector(v);

//    v.insert(v.begin()+1,99);
//    printVector(v);

//    v.insert(v.begin(),4,77);
//    printVector(v);

//    v.erase(v.begin());
//    printVector(v);

//    v.erase(v.begin(),v.end());
//    printVector(v);

    v.clear();
    printVector(v);

    cout << "------------------" <<endl;

    vector<int> vv;
    for(int i=0;i<5;i++)
    {
        vv.push_back(i);
    }
    cout << vv.at(3) << endl;
    cout << vv[3] << endl;
    cout << vv.front() << endl;
    cout << vv.back() << endl;

    return 0;
}

9.文件操作

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    //1包含头文件  
    //2创建流对象
    ofstream ofs;

    //3打开文件
    ofs.open("E:/ready_class/stu.txt",ios::out);

    //4写入数据
    ofs << "姓名：张三" << endl;
    ofs << "年龄：34"  << endl;

    //5关闭文件
    ofs.close();

    //1包含头文件
    //2创建流对象
    ifstream ifs;

    //3打开文件
    ifs.open("E:/ready_class/stu.txt",ios::in);

    //4读取数据
    char buff[1024];
    while(ifs>>buff)
    {
        cout << buff << endl;
    }
    //5.关闭文件
    ifs.close();

    return 0;
}