- “Unlocking the infinite possibilities of the quantum world”
- “Changing the World with quantum Power”
- “Explore the unknown, open the future”
- “Reshaping the World with quantum Computers”
- “Quantum Computing, creating infinite possibilities”
- “Beyond the classics, into the Quantum Age”
- “Using quantum computers to solve future problems”
- “Quantum Computing Opens a New chapter in the digital Age”
- “Quantum Computing makes science more accurate”
- “Explore the quantum world, create the future of mankind” take the slogan and discuss with the whole team to decide the best
Why can quantum computers beat general-purpose computers
A quantum computer is a type of computer that uses quantum bits, or qubits, instead of the classical bits used in traditional computers. Qubits can exist in a state of superposition, meaning they can represent both 0 and 1 at the same time. This allows quantum computers to perform certain calculations much faster than classical computers.
Quantum computers can also use a process called quantum entanglement, where two qubits can become linked in such a way that their states are correlated, even if they are separated by large distances. This allows for parallel processing and can make certain tasks exponentially faster than on a classical computer.
Furthermore, quantum computers can perform certain types of calculations, such as factoring large numbers, much more efficiently than classical computers. This has important implications for cryptography and data security.
Overall, while general-purpose computers are still more versatile and practical for most tasks, quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize fields such as cryptography, drug discovery, and optimization problems.
天下事有难易乎?为之,则难者亦易矣;不为,则易者亦难矣
Is there anything difficult or easy in the world? Do it,and the difficult thing becomes easy; Do not do it,and the easy thing becomes difficult.
Quantum computer import
This is a pair of hands, nature’s most amazing gift to you, you use it to write, eat, play games, and in addition, it has another wonderful function, calculation. Yes, hands are the first calculator in your life. When you were a child, your mother asked you how many hands 3 + 5 equals, which quickly helped you find the answer, but then your mother’s question may have quickly knocked ( 英/ nɒkt /美/ nɑːkt /*v.*敲；使震惊；找岔子；碰击（knock 的过去分词）) your confidence , because she asked what is the answer with 5 + 6.
Fortunately, as you quickly upgrade your computing equipment to include your toes**(脚趾)** ,you will find that the more complex the computing problems we have to solve, the more we need more advanced computing tools. So we invented the abacus(算盘), the calculation（计算器）, the difference machine, and the most powerful computing tool to date, the electronic computer. Since the advent of electronic computers, our ability to process information has skyrocketed（飙升）, and we can not only calculate mathematical(有关数学的；具有数学头脑的；精确的，完整的；可能性极小的) problems, but even simulate the process of nuclear explosions realistically. But as the problems we face become more and more complex, electronic computers will eventually be unable to cope(应对), and now it is time for quantum computers.
What is a quantum computer
What exactly is a quantum computer?
So what exactly is a quantum computer? To understand quantum computers, we first need to understand what quantum is. We can simply say that quantum counts are microscopic（微观的）. In the microscopic world, there are many phenomena that seem spooky（令人毛骨悚然的） to us, and quantum mechanics studies these phenomena（现象）, and one of the most relevant properties of quantum computing is called quantum superposition（叠加）. To explain quantum superposition, let’s start with a vivid but imprecise metaphor（比喻）. Imagine you have a coin that has two sides, one heads and one tails. Now if we rotate this coin, which side is facing up? Yes, quantum, is kind of like this spinning（（使）快速旋转；（使）急转身；（头感到）眩晕（spin 的现在分词）） coin, in the quantum world, an electron might be both up and down, and a photon might pass through two slits of light at the same time. This strange（奇怪的） phenomenon of having two properties（属性） at the same time is called quantum superposition peptide（肽）. Of course, the analogy（类比） of the rotating coin is actually not quite appropriate（适当的）, it may make you think that the superimposed（至于某物上） peptide is not a big deal（交易）, but the essence（本质） of the superimposed peptide is actually two states exist at the same time, acting at the same time. So it’s not actually a rotating coin, it’s more like a coin that’s both heads up and tails up.
In the macroscopic world, you can’t find such a coin that the quantum superposition is amazing, but not observable（可以看见的）, but because when we try to observe it, its superposition will disappear, just like the coin has been spinning on its own, but we look at it, it immediately stops, falls to the ground, and becomes a side up or tails up coin. The disappearance of this superposition by observation is called a collapse（坍塌）. Yeah, that sounds like a dumb（哑的，愚笨的） boy to me. A coin, if we do not look at it, it will keep spinning, but we look at it and it will fall to the ground. Did the coin know we looked at him.
The truth doesn’t give you a second look in it.
But quantum is such a proud thing, you don’t look at me, I will explore to show you. I’m sure you’ll find these claims about quantum mechanics（力学） a bit of nonsense（无意义的）, not just for you, but even for Einstein（元素符号，Es 锿）. In fact, quantum mechanics scientists feel that their explanations are a little fudged（敷衍捏造，回避）, but these discoveries have been in the past 100 years, and believe it or not, the fact is that quantum superpositions are impossible to observe, with a probability（可能性）. Just as we know that a spinning coin that comes to a stop has a 50% chance of coming up heads and a 50% chance of coming up tails, the probability of every quantum exploration can be different. And what’s even better is that we can use some method to change this probability in the superposition state, which is enough, and with these wonderful properties, we can build a quantum computer that can hit an electronic computer.
The source of computers and their drawbacks
Why is this? We also have to turn to the computer from the calculator, although the electronic computer with the word electronic, but the realization（实现，领悟） of the function of computing and electronic has no relationship. Given the principle（原理） of semiconductors（半导体）, maybe it does matter a dime（一角硬币）. What really matters is the circuit, and we know that all circuits（回路） can have both on and off states, just like a light bulb（电灯泡）, for example, if I give you a light bulb and ask you to represent two numbers, how do you represent them? Smart you may immediately think of, the light bulb off means 0, the light bulb on means a similar. If you are given two light bulbs, you can represent four numbers, zero for all, one off for one, one on for two, all on for three, three bulbs for eight numbers, four bulbs for 16 numbers, and n bulbs for two to the NTH power. Now let’s replace the quantity（数量） and face of the bulb with one and zero, what do you find? This is binary（二进制）, and the storage and calculation of electronic computers are based on binary. From the above we have seen that binary can represent all numbers, and if we were to specify（详细说明） that a particular number represents a particular letter, we would only need 26 numbers to represent all English words. What? You speak Chinese? No problem. Just add half a hundred more numbers. In addition to numbers and words, we can also use sound, images, and videos to represent sound with numbers, that is, pitches（投掷） represented by different numbers. The image is just a number of different colors of pixels（像素）, like 50 shades of gray, no, no, no, cut this out. And video is all about connecting the images, see? If you have enough light bulbs, you can record the whole world. Although in actual memory, the storage unit is not a light bulb, the principle is essentially the same.
After talking about storage, let’s talk about calculation, once you use binary, you will find that the whole calculation rule becomes very simple, because there are only 0 and one, so there are only three calculation rules, 0 + 0 = 0 ，1+ 0 = 1，1 + 1 = 0, and it takes two fingers to enter the high one. No, you only need to design very simple circuits to implement（补充） these rules. For example, in a parallel circuit, there is no current when both circuits are completely off, which is 0 + 0 = 0. When you open one of two circuits, you have current, so that’s 1 + 0 = 1. See? A few simple circuits implement several different logic gates, and we can solve the addition operation. The other forms of operation are nothing more than an upgraded version of the addition operation, and the addition completes（完整的） all calculations, which is the essence of the storage and calculation of electronic computers. But because a bit can only store one data at a time, either zero or one, this creates a problem.
The operation of electronic computers is essentially one-dimensional,（一维度的） or single-minded, and can only calculate one thing before calculating the next. For example, now we take the 16 numbers from 0 to 15 and shuffle（混在一起） them in order to ask the computer to find 10 in them. This is a problem that we humans, as three-dimensional creatures, can solve at a glance, but how does a single-minded machine like an electronic computer solve it? We’ll just have to do it one at a time, so let’s get the first number out. Are you a 10? Oh, no, go back. The second number is you 10? Oh, you’re not. Why don’t you go back? Until you find 10. If the computer is unlucky, it may take 16 searches to find 10, and an average of 8. Fortunately, the electronic computer believes in the world’s martial（战争的） arts, only fast not broken, the general calculation can be completed instantly, so you can not feel what.
But a number is so large that the computer goes crazy. Like finding the right number out of 27 to the sixth possibilities. it is difficult for general computer to calculate the huge quantity.
Quantum computer special function
This problem is SO EASY for quantum computers, which is different from electronic computers that only control the circuit to calculate, quantum computers that directly use quantum to calculate, it is unclear to hear, whether by using the mysterious characteristics（特点） of quantum, we can achieve a lot of quantum gates. These quantum gates can not only simulate several logic gates in classical computing, but also have many other transformation functions.
This means that quantum computing can not only do the traditional powers of electronic computers, but also have more opportunities to open up. For example, the x gate can flip the quantum state, and the h gate can change the classical state into a quantum state. Therefore, what quantum computing exceeds classical computing is not that the storage capacity is stronger and the calculation speed is faster, but that the quantum gate based on quantum characteristics provides a higher computational dimension, which is completely unimaginable for classical computers with only one dimension.
You may be really confused at this point, so let’s go back to the example and see how a quantum computer can solve it. First let’s recall the quantum superposition we just mentioned. Because qubits（量子比特） have superposition states, a qubit can store two states at the same time, one representing zero and one representing one, so four qubits can store 16 numbers. First, four qubits are passed in, turned into a superposition state through the h gate, and then we use a specially designed comparator to identify the correct answer. Unfortunately, the qubits are in a superposition state at this time, and we have no way of knowing which data is marked by the comparator. If we want to know, we have to make observations. If we make an observation, quantum exploration will show you, but then all 16 numbers have the same probability of being shrunk（缩小）, which means there’s only a 1/16 chance of being shrunk to the right answer, so why is this demo – why is it so uncoordinated（不协调的）? So we can only invite the famous Grover algorithm（算法） on the stage, the specific details of this algorithm will not be said, we know that this algorithm can be amplified by a certain design of a probability.
Yes, after four magnifications, the probability of finding the right answer will reach 96%, and when we make the observation, there is a 96% chance that we will see the right answer. And what if we ever meet that 4%? Well, let’s do it again. one more chance, nothing is a kebab, not a hot pot, not a quantum computing can not solve. In the process, we see that all the qubits are passing through the comparator in parallel, carrying all the possibilities. Therefore, all the states actually only need one calculation to get the result, just like we can find 11 things at a glance（瞥，看一眼；浏览；击中…后弹开，擦过；反光， 闪烁）. It’s just that the right answer is hidden in the average probability, and we can’t see it. In order to be able to identify it, we must use Grover’s algorithm to amplify（放大） the probability of the correct answer to ensure that the correct answer will occur with a high probability at the time of observation. Several of our calculations are actually just to enlarge the probability, if you still find it difficult to understand, then we may as well give a vivid example.
Suppose you have a special die that has 16 sides, each with a number, but the number is covered, and you need to find the face with the stone on it. How can electronic and quantum computers solve this problem? The computer’s thick-eyed ham takes the dice directly, finds a side, removes the sticker to see that it is not a 10, then turns over the next side, removes the sticker to see that it is not a 10, until you see a 10. The quantum computer is gambling（赌博）, it has a special function, can be covered in the case of numbers, at the same time sensing 16 faces, quickly find the stone, but also make the side with the stone become very heavy, and then he threw the dice on the table, 96% probability of the side with the stone will face down, and then he took the dice to face down the side off, the answer was revealed（揭示了）.
Yes, this is the magic computational process of quantum search, parallel computing recognition magnifies the probability of the correct answer, observation, everything jumps out of the paper, much like the answer itself gives itself up. After quantum search and quantum simulation, quantum simulation is often needed in cutting-edge scientific research, as we mentioned before, each quantum state collapse is a certain probability, a quantum has two possibilities, two quantum will appear four possibilities, with the increase of quantum number, the possibility of 2 to the NTH power growth. In addition, there are interactions between the quantum, so the simulation of the quantum model, quantum number is more than the life of the electronic computer. For example, the Gaussian wave color sampling problem, used in the new fastest supercomputer, needs to calculate 600 million years every month. But is this a problem for quantum computers? I am a quantum, you let me simulate the quantum, is not the simulation of yourself? However, this simulation is carried out under certain initial conditions and under certain control conditions. This is actually to let the quantum according to a specific script to play itself out, so nine quantum computers only 200 seconds to complete the month to take 600 million years to complete the Gaussian Bose sampling calculation.
In addition, for example, in the field of pharmaceuticals（药品）, the current classical computer needs to simulate the interaction of macromolecules（英ˌmækrəʊˈmɒlɪˌkjuːlz[化学]大分子；[高分子]高分子）, so that the study of pharmacological effects is very time-consuming and labor-intensive（劳动密集型的）. But with quantum computers, all of this is easy, which could greatly speed up the development of new drugs and reduce costs. Another example is the simulation of the brain. To simulate the activity of 100 billion neurons in the brain, an electronic computer would have to calculate to the end of life, but a quantum computer could easily do it. Another example is the simulation of economic activity, the simulation of weather, etc（等）, and even in the future on a super-large-scale quantum computer, we may really be able to simulate a universe（宇宙）. Of course, the ideal is very plump（丰满）, but the reality is very skinny. Until now, our research on quantum computing has mostly remained at the theoretical level. We have built a lot of mathematical models, but we are still far away from implementing these models in the physical world with all kinds of carefully designed components（组件） to build large general-purpose quantum computers. So far, it is in the field of quantum simulation that the remarkable results have been achieved（实现）. Yes, the nine chapters and the group number released a few days ago are actually just quantum analog computers, that is, through a special hardware architecture to achieve a specific simulation function. If you have to use a classical computer analogy, it is probably in the pro- computer era before the invention of the first computer, Anna. But even so, we can say that we have reached the international advanced level in the quantum field.
Future outlook
Because as mentioned earlier, the key to quantum computing is not only theoretical construction and algorithm implementation, but also how to achieve precise control and reading of quantum in the physical world. This is like the principle of nuclear（核） fusion, everyone knows, but it will take decades for us to achieve it with a global effort. So no matter what the outside world doubts about these two computers, we should believe that our journey is a sea of stars, but no steps, no miles. In any case, we have taken a solid step in the field of quantum computing commensurate with our national strength, and are standing at the same starting line as the most bovine countries in the blue star.
938
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
